【C++11】多线程常用知识

thread

C++ thread中最常用的两个函数是join和detach，怎么选择呢，简单来说，如果希望等待线程结束，用join，如果希望异步执行，且不等待执行结果，那么就用detach；thread_local可以简单理解为一个线程级别的全局变量；线程id在调试多线程程序时是非常有用的东西；

C++11本身没有提供线程池；可以参考第三方的实现：https://github.com/progschj/ThreadPool

#ifndef THREAD_POOL_H
#define THREAD_POOL_H

#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#include <memory>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <future>
#include <functional>
#include <stdexcept>

class ThreadPool {
   
public:
    ThreadPool(size_t);
    template<class F, class... Args>
    auto enqueue(F&& f, Args&&... args) 
        -> std::future<typename std::result_of<F(Args...)>::type>;
    ~ThreadPool();
private:
    // need to keep track of threads so we can join them
    std::vector< std::thread > workers;
    // the task queue
    std::queue< std::function<void()> > tasks;
    
    // synchronization
    std::mutex queue_mutex;
    std::condition_variable condition;
    bool stop;
};
 
// the constructor just launches some amount of workers
inline ThreadPool::ThreadPool(size_t threads)
    :   stop(false)
{
   
    for(size_t i = 0;i<threads;++i)
        workers.emplace_back(
            [this]
            {
   
                for(;;)
                {
   
                    std::function<void()> task;

                    {
   
                        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(this->queue_mutex);
                        this->condition.wait(lock,
                            [this]{
    return this->stop || !this->tasks.empty(); });
                        if(this->stop && this->tasks.empty())
                            return;
                        task = std::move(this->tasks.front());
                        this->tasks.pop();
                    }

                    task();
                }
            }
        );
}

// add new work item to the pool
template<class F, class... Args>
auto ThreadPool::enqueue(F&& f, Args&&... args) 
    -> std::future<typename std::result_of<F(Args...)>::type>
{
   
    using return_type = typename std::result_of<F(Args...)>::type;

    auto task = std::make_shared< std::packaged_task<return_type()> >(
            std::bind(std::forward<F>(f), std::forward<Args>(args)...)
        );
        
    std::future<return_type> res = task->get_future();
    {
   
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(queue_mutex);

        // don't allow enqueueing after stopping the pool
        if(stop)
            throw std::runtime_error("enqueue on stopped ThreadPool");

        tasks.emplace([task](){
    (*task)(); });
    }
    condition.notify_one();
    return res;
}

// the destructor joins all threads
inline ThreadPool::~ThreadPool()
{
   
    {
   
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(queue_mutex);
        stop = true;
    }
    condition.notify_all();
    for(std::thread &worker: workers)
        worker.join();
}

#endif

示例1

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <atomic>

int main() {
   
    std::atomic<int> num(0);

    // int num = 0;
    int count = 100000;

    std::thread thread1([&](){
   
        for(int i = 0; i < count; i++