requests模块

requests：伪造浏览器发起Http请求

1.get请求

# 1、无参数实例

import requests

ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

print ret.url
print ret.text

# 2、有参数实例

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

print ret.url
print ret.text

2、POST请求

# 2、有参数实例

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

print ret.url
print ret.text

2、POST请求
# 1、基本POST实例

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

print ret.text

3、其他请求
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)

# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

参数列表

# 1. 方法
    requests.get
    requests.post 
    requests.put 
    requests.delete 
    ...
    requests.request(method='POST')

# 2. 参数
    2.1  url
    2.2  headers
    2.3  cookies
    2.4  params
    2.5  data，传请求体
            
            requests.post(
                ...,
                data={'user':'alex','pwd':'123'}
            )
            
            GET /index http1.1\r\nhost:c1.com\r\n\r\nuser=alex&pwd=123
            
    2.6  json，传请求体
            requests.post(
                ...,
                json={'user':'alex','pwd':'123'}
            )
            
            GET /index http1.1\r\nhost:c1.com\r\nContent-Type:application/json\r\n\r\n{"user":"alex","pwd":123}
    2.7 代理 proxies
        # 无验证
            proxie_dict = {
                "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
                "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
            }
            ret = requests.get("https://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxie_dict)
            
        
        # 验证代理
            from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
            
            proxyDict = {
                'http': '77.75.105.165',
                'https': '77.75.106.165'
            }
            auth = HTTPProxyAuth('用户名', '密码')
            
            r = requests.get("http://www.google.com",data={'xxx':'ffff'} proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
            print(r.text)
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    2.8 文件上传 files
        # 发送文件
            file_dict = {
                'f1': open('xxxx.log', 'rb')
            }
            requests.request(
                method='POST',
                url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                files=file_dict
            )
            
    2.9 认证 auth
    
        内部：
            用户名和密码，用户和密码加密，放在请求头中传给后台。
            
                - "用户:密码"
                - base64("用户:密码")
                - "Basic base64("用户|密码")"
                - 请求头：
                    Authorization： "basic base64("用户|密码")"
            
        from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

        ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
        print(ret.text)
        
    2.10 超时 timeout 
        # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
        # print(ret)
    
        # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
        # print(ret)
        
    2.11 允许重定向  allow_redirects
        ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
        print(ret.text)
        
    2.12 大文件下载 stream
        from contextlib import closing
        with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r1:
        # 在此处理响应。
        for i in r1.iter_content():
            print(i)
            
    2.13 证书 cert
        - 百度、腾讯 => 不用携带证书（系统帮你做了）
        - 自定义证书
            requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', cert="xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem")
            requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', cert=("xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem","xxx.xxx.xx.key"))
    2.14 确认 verify =False 
"""


requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', cert="xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem")

session 访问过的cookies、header全部保留下来

session = request.Session()

session.get()

session.post()

官方文档：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4