JavaWeb之JDBC

知识回顾:
JavaWeb之Java基础知识增强

1.概念

  • 概念:Java DataBase Connectivity Java 数据库连接, Java语言操作数据库
  • JDBC本质:其实是官方(sun公司)定义的一套操作所有关系型数据库的规则,即接口。各个数据库厂商去实现这套接口,提供数据库驱动jar包。我们可以使用这套接口(JDBC)编程,真正执行的代码是驱动jar包中的实现类。
    在这里插入图片描述

2. 快速入门:

2.1 步骤:

  • 导入驱动jar包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
    • 复制mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar到项目的libs目录下
    • 右键–>Add As Library
  • 注册驱动
  • 获取数据库连接对象 Connection
  • 定义sql
  • 获取执行sql语句的对象 Statement
  • 执行sql,接受返回结果
  • 处理结果
  • 释放资源

2.2 代码实现

//1. 导入驱动jar包
 //2.注册驱动
 Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
 //3.获取数据库连接对象
 Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3", "root", "root");
 //4.定义sql语句
 String sql = "update account set balance = 500 where id = 1";
 //5.获取执行sql的对象 Statement
 Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
 //6.执行sql
 int count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
 //7.处理结果
 System.out.println(count);
 //8.释放资源
 stmt.close();
 conn.close();
package com.weeks.jdbc;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Statement;

/**
 * JDBC 的快速入门
 */
public class JDBCDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1.注册驱动
        Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

        //2.获取链接
        String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/javaweb";
        String username = "root";
        String password = "root123";
        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);

        //3.定义sql
        String sql = "update user set name='rising' where id=202101";

        //4.获取执行sql的对象
        Statement statement = conn.createStatement();

        //5.执行sql语句
        int i = statement.executeUpdate(sql);

        //6.处理结果
        System.out.println(i);

        //8.释放资源
        statement.close();
        conn.close();
    }
}

3.详解各个对象

3.1 DriverManager:驱动管理对象

  • 功能:
    • 注册驱动:告诉程序该使用哪一个数据库驱动jar
      static void registerDriver(Driver driver) :注册与给定的驱动程序 DriverManager 。
    • 写代码使用: Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
    • 通过查看源码发现:在com.mysql.jdbc.Driver类中存在静态代码块
static {
   try {
       java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
   } catch (SQLException E) {
       throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
   }
}
注意:mysql5之后的驱动jar包可以省略注册驱动的步骤。
  • 获取数据库连接:
    • 方法:static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String password)
    • 参数:
    • url:指定连接的路径
      • 语法:jdbc:mysql://ip地址(域名):端口号/数据库名称
      • 例子:jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3
      • 细节:如果连接的是本机mysql服务器,并且mysql服务默认端口是3306,则url可以简写为:jdbc:mysql:///数据库名称
    • user:用户名
    • password:密码

3.2 Connection:数据库连接对象

  • 功能:
    • 获取执行sql 的对象
      • Statement createStatement()
      • PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)
  • 管理事务:
    • 开启事务:setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) :调用该方法设置参数为false,即开启事务
    • 提交事务:commit()
    • 回滚事务:rollback()

3.3 Statement:执行sql的对象

  • 执行sql
    • boolean execute(String sql) :可以执行任意的sql 了解
    • int executeUpdate(String sql) :执行DML(insert、update、delete)语句、DDL(create,alter、drop)语句
      • 返回值:影响的行数,可以通过这个影响的行数判断DML语句是否执行成功 返回值>0的则执行成功,反之,则失败。
    • ResultSet executeQuery(String sql) :执行DQL(select)语句
  • 练习:
    1. account表 添加一条记录
    2. account表 修改记录
    3. account表 删除一条记录
package com.weeks.jdbc;

import org.junit.Test;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

/**
 * jdbc增删改测试
 */
public class JDBCDemo2 {
    @Test
    public void testInsert(){
        Statement stmt = null;
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            //1.导入驱动
            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            //2.获取数据库连接对象
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2", "root", "root123");
            //3.定义sql语句
            String sql = "insert into account (name, balance) values ('wangwu', 2000)";
            //4.定义执行sql的对象
            stmt = conn.createStatement();
            //5.执行sql语句
            int count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
            //6.处理结果
            System.out.println(count);

        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //7.关闭资源
            if(stmt != null){//防止空指针异常
                try {
                    stmt.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if(conn != null){
                try {
                    conn.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testUpdate(){
        Statement stmt = null;
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            //1.导入驱动
            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            //2.获取数据库连接对象
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2", "root", "root123");
            //3.定义sql语句
            String sql = "update account set balance='1000' where id=3";
            //4.定义执行sql的对象
            stmt = conn.createStatement();
            //5.执行sql语句
            int count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
            //6.处理结果
            System.out.println(count);

        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //7.关闭资源
            if(stmt != null){//防止空指针异常
                try {
                    stmt.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if(conn != null){
                try {
                    conn.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testDelete(){
        Statement stmt = null;
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            //1.导入驱动
            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            //2.获取数据库连接对象
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2", "root", "root123");
            //3.定义sql语句
            String sql = "delete from account where id = 4";
            //4.定义执行sql的对象
            stmt = conn.createStatement();
            //5.执行sql语句
            int count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
            //6.处理结果
            System.out.println(count);

        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //7.关闭资源
            if(stmt != null){//防止空指针异常
                try {
                    stmt.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if(conn != null){
                try {
                    conn.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

3.4 ResultSet:结果集对象,封装查询结果

  • boolean next(): 游标向下移动一行,判断当前行是否是最后一行末尾(是否有数据),如果是,则返回false,如果不是则返回true

  • getXxx(参数):获取数据

    • Xxx:代表数据类型 如: int getInt() , String getString()

    • 参数:

      • int:代表列的编号,从1开始 如: getString(1)
      • String:代表列名称。 如: getDouble(“balance”)
      • 注意:
        • 使用步骤:
          • 游标向下移动一行
          • 判断是否有数据
          • 获取数据
  • 练习:

    • 定义一个方法,查询emp表的数据将其封装为对象,然后装载集合,返回。
      1. 定义Emp类
      2. 定义方法 public List findAll(){}
      3. 实现方法 select * from emp;
create table emp(
	id int primary key,
	ename varchar(50),
	job_id int,
	mgr int,
	joindate date,
	salary decimal(7, 2),
	bonus decimal(7, 2),
	dept_id int,
);

INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,job_id,mgr,joindate,salary,bonus,dept_id) VALUES 
(1001,'孙悟空',4,1004,'2000-12-17','8000.00',NULL,20),
(1002,'卢俊义',3,1006,'2001-02-20','16000.00','3000.00',30),
(1003,'林冲',3,1006,'2001-02-22','12500.00','5000.00',30),
(1004,'唐僧',2,1009,'2001-04-02','29750.00',NULL,20),
(1005,'李逵',4,1006,'2001-09-28','12500.00','14000.00',30),
(1006,'宋江',2,1009,'2001-05-01','28500.00',NULL,30),
(1007,'刘备',2,1009,'2001-09-01','24500.00',NULL,10),
(1008,'猪八戒',4,1004,'2007-04-19','30000.00',NULL,20),
(1009,'罗贯中',1,NULL,'2001-11-17','50000.00',NULL,10),
(1010,'吴用',3,1006,'2001-09-08','15000.00','0.00',30),
(1011,'沙僧',4,1004,'2007-05-23','11000.00',NULL,20),
(1012,'李逵',4,1006,'2001-12-03','9500.00',NULL,30),
(1013,'小白龙',4,1004,'2001-12-03','30000.00',NULL,20),
(1014,'关羽',4,1007,'2002-01-23','13000.00',NULL,10);
package com.weeks.domain;

import java.util.Date;

public class Emp {
    private Integer id;
    private String name;
    private Integer jobId;
    private Integer manager;
    private Date joinDate;
    private double salary;
    private double bonus;
    private Integer deptId;

    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Integer getJobId() {
        return jobId;
    }

    public void setJobId(Integer jobId) {
        this.jobId = jobId;
    }

    public Integer getManager() {
        return manager;
    }

    public void setManager(Integer manager) {
        this.manager = manager;
    }

    public Date getJoinDate() {
        return joinDate;
    }

    public void setJoinDate(Date joinDate) {
        this.joinDate = joinDate;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    public void setSalary(double salary) {
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    public double getBonus() {
        return bonus;
    }

    public void setBonus(double bonus) {
        this.bonus = bonus;
    }

    public Integer getDeptId() {
        return deptId;
    }

    public void setDeptId(Integer deptId) {
        this.deptId = deptId;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Emp{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", jobId=" + jobId +
                ", manager=" + manager +
                ", joinDate=" + joinDate +
                ", salary=" + salary +
                ", bonus=" + bonus +
                ", deptId=" + deptId +
                '}';
    }
}
package com.weeks.jdbc;

import com.weeks.domain.Emp;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.sql.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * jdbc ResultSet测试
 */
public class JDBCDemo4 {
    @Test
    public void testResultSet(){
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        Statement stmt = null;
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            //1.导入驱动
            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            //2.获取数据库连接对象
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3", "root", "root123");
            //3.定义sql语句
            String sql = "select * from emp";
            //4.定义执行sql的对象
            stmt = conn.createStatement();
            //5.执行sql语句
            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
            //6.处理结果
            Emp emp = null;
            List<Emp> emps = new ArrayList<>();
            while(resultSet.next()){
                //获取数据数据
                int id = resultSet.getInt("id");
                String name = resultSet.getString("ename");
                int jobId = resultSet.getInt("job_id");
                int manager = resultSet.getInt("mgr");
                Date joinDate = resultSet.getDate("joindate");
                double salary = resultSet.getDouble("salary");
                double bonus = resultSet.getDouble("bonus");
                int deptId = resultSet.getInt("dept_id");
                //创建emp对象并赋值
                emp = new Emp();
                emp.setId(id);
                emp.setName(name);
                emp.setJobId(jobId);
                emp.setManager(manager);
                emp.setJoinDate(joinDate);
                emp.setSalary(salary);
                emp.setBonus(bonus);
                emp.setDeptId(deptId);
                emps.add(emp);
            }
            System.out.println(emps);

        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //7.关闭资源
            if(resultSet != null){
                try {
                    resultSet.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if(stmt != null){//防止空指针异常
                try {
                    stmt.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if(conn != null){
                try {
                    conn.close();
                } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                    throwables.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

}

3.5 PreparedStatement:执行sql的对象

  • SQL注入问题:在拼接sql时,有一些sql的特殊关键字参与字符串的拼接。会造成安全性问题
package com.weeks.jdbc;

import com.weeks.utils.JDBCUtils;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * 练习:
 * 1.通过键盘录入用户名和密码
 * 2.判断用户是否登录成功
 */
public class JDBCDome6 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //1.定义接受键盘输入对象
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        //2.获取键盘输入
        System.out.println("请输入用户名:");
        String user = sc.next();
        System.out.println("请输入密码:");
        String pwd = sc.next();
        //3.登录验证
        boolean flag = JDBCDome6.login(user, pwd);
        //4.判断登陆是否成功
        if(flag){
            System.out.println("登陆成功!");
        } else{
            System.out.println("登陆失败!");
        }
    }

    public static boolean login(String user, String pwd){
        if(user == null || pwd == null){
            return false;
        }
        Connection conn = null;
        Statement stmt = null;
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        try {
            //1.获取数据库连接
            conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();
            //2.定义sql语句
            String sql = "select * from user where name='" + user + "' and pwd='" + pwd + "'";
            //3.定义执行sql的对象
            stmt = conn.createStatement();
            //4.执行sql语句
            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
            //5.处理结果
            return resultSet.next();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //6.关闭资源
            JDBCUtils.close(resultSet, stmt, conn);
        }
        return false;
    }
}
1. 输入用户随便,输入密码:a' or 'a' = 'a
2. sql:select * from user where username = 'fhdsjkf' and password = 'a' or 'a' = 'a' 

2. 解决sql注入问题:使用PreparedStatement对象来解决
3. 预编译的SQL:参数使用?作为占位符
4. 步骤:
1. 导入驱动jar包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
2. 注册驱动
3. 获取数据库连接对象 Connection
4. 定义sql
	* 注意:sql的参数使用?作为占位符。 如:select * from user where username = ? and password = ?;
5. 获取执行sql语句的对象 PreparedStatement  Connection.prepareStatement(String sql) 
6. 给?赋值:
	* 方法: setXxx(参数1,参数2)
		* 参数1:?的位置编号 从1 开始
		* 参数2:?的值
7. 执行sql,接受返回结果,不需要传递sql语句
8. 处理结果
9. 释放资源
package com.weeks.jdbc;

import com.weeks.utils.JDBCUtils;

import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * 练习:使用PreparedStatement完成
 * 1.通过键盘录入用户名和密码
 * 2.判断用户是否登录成功
 */
public class JDBCDome7 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //1.定义接受键盘输入对象
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        //2.获取键盘输入
        System.out.println("请输入用户名:");
        String user = sc.next();
        System.out.println("请输入密码:");
        String pwd = sc.next();
        //3.登录验证
        boolean flag = JDBCDome7.login(user, pwd);
        //4.判断登陆是否成功
        if(flag){
            System.out.println("登陆成功!");
        } else{
            System.out.println("登陆失败!");
        }
    }

    public static boolean login(String user, String pwd){
        if(user == null || pwd == null){
            return false;
        }
        Connection conn = null;
        PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        try {
            //1.获取数据库连接
            conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();
            //2.定义sql语句
            String sql = "select * from user where name=? and pwd=?";
            //3.定义执行sql的对象
            pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            //给?赋值
            pstmt.setString(1, user);
            pstmt.setString(2, pwd);
            //4.执行sql语句
            resultSet = pstmt.executeQuery();
            //5.处理结果
            return resultSet.next();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //6.关闭资源
            JDBCUtils.close(resultSet, pstmt, conn);
        }
        return false;
    }
}
  • 注意:后期都会使用PreparedStatement来完成增删改查的所有操作
    1. 可以防止SQL注入
    2. 效率更高

4.抽取JDBC工具类 : JDBCUtils

  • 目的:简化书写
  • 分析:
    • 注册驱动也抽取
    • 抽取一个方法获取连接对象
      • 需求:不想传递参数(麻烦),还得保证工具类的通用性。
      • 解决:配置文件
driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2
user=root
password=root123
  • 抽取一个方法释放资源

  • 代码实现:

package com.weeks.utils;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Properties;

public class JDBCUtils {
    //定义获取数据库连接的变量
    private static String url;
    private static String user;
    private static String password;
    private static String driver;

    /**
     * 使用静态代码块加载资源文件,随着类的加载只加载一次
     */
    static{
        //1.定义Properties对象加载资源文件
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        //2.通过类加载器获取资源文件路径
        ClassLoader classLoader = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader();
        InputStream resourceAsStream = classLoader.getResourceAsStream("jdbc.properties");
        try {
            properties.load(resourceAsStream);
            url = properties.getProperty("url");
            user = properties.getProperty("user");
            password = properties.getProperty("password");
            driver = properties.getProperty("driver");
            //3.加载驱动
            Class.forName(driver);
        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    };

    /**
     * 获取数据库连接
     */
    public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
        return DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
    }

    /**
     * 关闭资源
     */
    public static void close(ResultSet rs, Statement stmt, Connection conn){
        if(rs != null){//防止空指针异常
            try {
                rs.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        if (stmt != null){
            try {
                stmt.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        if (conn != null){
            try {
                conn.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 重载关闭资源方法
     */
    public static void close(Statement stmt, Connection conn){
        close(null, stmt, conn);
    }
}
  • 练习:
    • 需求:

      • 通过键盘录入用户名和密码
      • 判断用户是否登录成功
        • select * from user where username = “” and password = “”;
        • 如果这个sql有查询结果,则成功,反之,则失败
    • 步骤:

      • 创建数据库表 user
CREATE TABLE USER(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	username VARCHAR(32),
	PASSWORD VARCHAR(32)

);

INSERT INTO USER VALUES(NULL,'zhangsan','123');
INSERT INTO USER VALUES(NULL,'lisi','234');
  • 代码实现:
package com.weeks.jdbc;

import com.weeks.utils.JDBCUtils;

import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * 练习:使用PreparedStatement完成
 * 1.通过键盘录入用户名和密码
 * 2.判断用户是否登录成功
 */
public class JDBCDome7 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //1.定义接受键盘输入对象
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        //2.获取键盘输入
        System.out.println("请输入用户名:");
        String user = sc.next();
        System.out.println("请输入密码:");
        String pwd = sc.next();
        //3.登录验证
        boolean flag = JDBCDome7.login(user, pwd);
        //4.判断登陆是否成功
        if(flag){
            System.out.println("登陆成功!");
        } else{
            System.out.println("登陆失败!");
        }
    }

    public static boolean login(String user, String pwd){
        if(user == null || pwd == null){
            return false;
        }
        Connection conn = null;
        PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        try {
            //1.获取数据库连接
            conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();
            //2.定义sql语句
            String sql = "select * from user where name=? and pwd=?";
            //3.定义执行sql的对象
            pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            //给?赋值
            pstmt.setString(1, user);
            pstmt.setString(2, pwd);
            //4.执行sql语句
            resultSet = pstmt.executeQuery();
            //5.处理结果
            return resultSet.next();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //6.关闭资源
            JDBCUtils.close(resultSet, pstmt, conn);
        }
        return false;
    }
}

5.JDBC控制事务

  • 事务:一个包含多个步骤的业务操作。如果这个业务操作被事务管理,则这多个步骤要么同时成功,要么同时失败。

  • 操作:

    • 开启事务
    • 提交事务
    • 回滚事务
  • 使用Connection对象来管理事务

    • 开启事务:setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) :调用该方法设置参数为false,即开启事务
      • 在执行sql之前开启事务
    • 提交事务:commit()
      • 当所有sql都执行完提交事务
    • 回滚事务:rollback()
      • 在catch中回滚事务
  • 代码:

package com.weeks.jdbc;

import com.weeks.utils.JDBCUtils;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * JDBC 事务
 */
public class JDBCDome8 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Connection conn = null;
        PreparedStatement pstmt1 = null;
        PreparedStatement pstmt2 = null;
        try {
            //1.获取连接
            conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();
            //2.开启事务
            conn.setAutoCommit(false);
            //3.定义sql语句
            String sql1 = "update account set balance=balance-? where id=?";
            String sql2 = "update account set balance=balance+? where id=?";
            //4.定义执行sql的对象
            pstmt1 = conn.prepareStatement(sql1);
            pstmt2 = conn.prepareStatement(sql2);
            //5.给?赋值
            pstmt1.setDouble(1, 500);
            pstmt1.setInt(2, 1);
            pstmt2.setDouble(1, 500);
            pstmt2.setInt(2, 2);
            //6.执行sql
            pstmt1.executeUpdate();
            //手动发出异常
            int i = 2 / 0;
            pstmt2.executeUpdate();
            //7.提交事务
            conn.commit();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            //8.发生异常回滚事务
            try {
                if(conn != null) {
                    conn.rollback();
                }
            } catch (SQLException throwables) {
                throwables.printStackTrace();
            }
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            JDBCUtils.close(pstmt1, conn);
            JDBCUtils.close(pstmt2, null);
        }
    }
}
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