Linux文件系统：minix文件系统二进制分析3(硬链接与软链接)

系列博文

Linux文件系统：minix文件系统二进制分析1

Linux文件系统：minix文件系统二进制分析2

硬链接

当前minix文件系统目录结构

  在上一章中，我们创建了minix如下的目录结构，并且进行了二进制的分析，本篇将在上一篇文章的基础上，继续对文件系统的硬链接和软链接进行二进制分析。

创建filelevel2.txt的硬链接文件

ln dirdemo/filelevel2.txt hardlink2filelevel2.txt

创建filelevel2.txt的软链接文件

ln dirdemo/filelevel2.txt -s softlink2filelevel2.txt

当前minix文件系统目录结构

hexdump文件系统

hexdump -C /dev/sdb > chapter3.hex

  chapter3.hex内容如下

00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000400  60 15 00 40 01 00 02 00  b0 00 00 00 00 1c 08 10  |`..@............|
00000410  8f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000420  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000800  3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |?...............|
00000810  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000aa0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 fe ff ff ff  |................|
00000ab0  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  |................|
*
00000c00  3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |?...............|
00000c10  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
000013e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 fe ff ff ff ff ff  |................|
000013f0  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  |................|
00001400  ed 41 00 00 c0 00 00 00  7f 18 b0 61 00 03 b0 00  |.A.........a....|
00001410  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00001420  ed 41 00 00 60 00 00 00  9d 1c a1 61 00 02 b1 00  |.A..`......a....|
00001430  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00001440  a4 81 00 00 0c 00 00 00  77 1c a1 61 00 01 b2 00  |........w..a....|
00001450  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00001460  a4 81 00 00 08 00 00 00  9d 1c a1 61 00 02 b3 00  |...........a....|
00001470  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00001480  ff a1 00 00 16 00 00 00  7f 18 b0 61 00 01 b4 00  |...........a....|
00001490  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
0002c000  01 00 2e 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c020  01 00 2e 2e 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c030  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c040  02 00 64 69 72 64 65 6d  6f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |..dirdemo.......|
0002c050  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c060  03 00 66 69 6c 65 2e 74  78 74 00 00 00 00 00 00  |..file.txt......|
0002c070  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c080  04 00 68 61 72 64 6c 69  6e 6b 32 66 69 6c 65 6c  |..hardlink2filel|
0002c090  65 76 65 6c 32 2e 74 78  74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |evel2.txt.......|
0002c0a0  05 00 73 6f 66 74 6c 69  6e 6b 32 66 69 6c 65 6c  |..softlink2filel|
0002c0b0  65 76 65 6c 32 2e 74 78  74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |evel2.txt.......|
0002c0c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
0002c400  02 00 2e 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c410  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c420  01 00 2e 2e 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c430  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
0002c440  04 00 66 69 6c 65 6c 65  76 65 6c 32 2e 74 78 74  |..filelevel2.txt|
0002c450  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
0002c800  68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 6d 69  6e 69 78 0a 00 00 00 00  |hello minix.....|
0002c810  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
0002cc00  6c 65 76 65 6c 20 32 0a  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |level 2.........|
0002cc10  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
0002d000  64 69 72 64 65 6d 6f 2f  66 69 6c 65 6c 65 76 65  |dirdemo/fileleve|
0002d010  6c 32 2e 74 78 74 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |l2.txt..........|
0002d020  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
01000000

  将创建软硬链接文件之前和之后的minix文件系统二进制数据进行比较，如下图所示，可以看到第一个inode节点（根目录）的数据区多了hardlink2filelevel2.txt和softlink2filelevel2.txt文件

二进制分析硬链接文件

  根节点的data区，关于硬链接文件hardlink2filelevel2.txt的二进制描述如下，从前两个字节我们可以知道，hardlink2filelevel2.txt文件指向了第4个inode节点。

0002c080  04 00 68 61 72 64 6c 69  6e 6b 32 66 69 6c 65 6c  |..hardlink2filel|
0002c090  65 76 65 6c 32 2e 74 78  74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |evel2.txt.......|

  如下图所示，我们从创建软硬链接之前和之后的二进制数据中看出：第14个字节i_nlinks由01变成了02，而第14字节的含义就是引用计数i_nlinks，在创建硬链接之前，该inode节点仅被filelevel2.txt文件所引用，所以第14字节i_nlinks为1。

  如下图所示，hardlink2filelevel2.txt和filelevel2.txt文件均指向第4个inode节点，所以i_nlinks变为2。所以硬链接相当于给一个文件取了个别名，它们都指向同一个inode节点，inode中的i_nlinks属性即为硬链接计数，既然是指向了同一个inode节点，那么他们数据区也指向的是存储介质中同一个位置，如下图所示。

  所以硬链接只能指向本文件系统里的文件，不能跨越文件系统创建硬链接。

软链接

   根节点的data区，关于硬链接文件softlink2filelevel2.txt的二进制描述如下，从前两个字节我们可以知道，softlink2filelevel2.txt文件指向了第5个inode节点。

0002c0a0  05 00 73 6f 66 74 6c 69  6e 6b 32 66 69 6c 65 6c  |..softlink2filel|
0002c0b0  65 76 65 6c 32 2e 74 78  74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |evel2.txt.......|

  可以看到，第5个inode节点指向的数据区内容为“dirdemo/filelevel2.txt”，和硬连接指向inode节点不同，软链接指向的是其链接文件的相对路径，所以软链接是可以跨越文件系统的。

  其实，从inode的bitmap我们也可以看出，文件系统并未给软链接分配一个inode节点，如下图inode bitmap对比图所示。

  在创建了软硬链接各一个文件后，inode bitmap仅置位了1个bit，根据我们前面对软硬链接的二进制分析可知，软链接文件是不占用inode节点的。

技术参考

1. 技术视频参考：https://ke.qq.com/course/417774?flowToken=1040946
2. 参考文献：https://ke.qq.com/course/417774?flowToken=1040946