Java的String类
String类是除了Java的基本类型之外用的最多的类, 甚至用的比基本类型还多. 同样jdk中对Java类也有很多的优化
类的定义
public final class String
implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable, CharSequence{
/** The value is used for character storage. */
private final char value[];
/** Cache the hash code for the string */
private int hash; // Default to 0
/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;
/**
* Class String is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
*
* A String instance is written into an ObjectOutputStream according to
* Object Serialization Specification, Section 6.2, "Stream Elements"
*/
private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
new ObjectStreamField[0];
/**
* Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
* an empty character sequence. Note that use of this constructor is
* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
*/
public String() {
this.value = "".value;
}
/**
* Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
* the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the
* newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an
* explicit copy of {@code original} is needed, use of this constructor is
* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
*
* @param original
* A {@code String}
*/
public String(String original) {
this.value = original.value;
this.hash = original.hash;
}
Final 标识不允许集成重载. jdk中还多重要类都是final 标识, 防止应用程序继承重载以影响jdk的安全
继承Serializable 接口, 可以放心的序列化
Comparable 接口, 可以根据自然序排序.
CharSequence 字符串的重要接口
char数组 value . Final 修饰.
hash字段 int, 表示当前的hashCode值, 避免每次重复计算hash值
Comparable 接口的compareTo方法实现
public int compareTo(String anotherString) {
int len1 = value.length;
int len2 = anotherString.value.length;
int lim = Math.min(len1, len2);
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = anotherString.value;
int k = 0;
while (k < lim) { //也只是循环比较到长度短的那个字符串
char c1 = v1[k];
char c2 = v2[k];
if (c1 != c2) {
return c1 - c2;
}
k++;
}
return len1 - len2; //如果前面的长度字符串都一样, 则长度长的大
}
从左往右逐个char字符比较大小, 从代码可以看出 "S" > "ASSSSSSSSSSSSSSS"
也只是循环比较到长度短的那个字符串
如果前面的长度字符串都一样, 则长度长的大
构造方法
/**
* Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
* an empty character sequence. Note that use of this constructor is
* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
*/
public String() {
this.value = "".value;
}
/**
* Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
* the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the
* newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an
* explicit copy of {@code original} is needed, use of this constructor is
* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
*
* @param original
* A {@code String}
*/
public String(String original) {
this.value = original.value;
this.hash = original.hash;
}
/**
*
*/
public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, Charset charset) {
if (charset == null)
throw new NullPointerException("charset");
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(charset, bytes, offset, length);
}
空白构造方法其实是生成 "" 字符串
传入其他字符串的构造方式其实只是把其他字符串的value 和hash 值的引用复制一份, 不用担心两个字符串的value和hash 互相干扰. 因为String类中没有修改这两个值的方法, 并且这两个值是private final修饰的, 已经无法修改了
空白构造方法中没有设置hash的值, 则使用 hash的默认值 // Default to 0
传入字节数组的构造方法, 怎么将字节转成字符串是使用StringCoding.decode(charset, bytes, offset, length);方法
StringCoding类的修饰符是default 并且里面都是default static 修饰的方法, 很遗憾, 我们无法直接使用其中的方法
StringCoding.decode 方法
static char[] decode(Charset cs, byte[] ba, int off, int len) {
// (1)We never cache the "external" cs, the only benefit of creating
// an additional StringDe/Encoder object to wrap it is to share the
// de/encode() method. These SD/E objects are short-lifed, the young-gen
// gc should be able to take care of them well. But the best approash
// is still not to generate them if not really necessary.
// (2)The defensive copy of the input byte/char[] has a big performance
// impact, as well as the outgoing result byte/char[]. Need to do the
// optimization check of (sm==null && classLoader0==null) for both.
// (3)getClass().getClassLoader0() is expensive
// (4)There might be a timing gap in isTrusted setting. getClassLoader0()
// is only chcked (and then isTrusted gets set) when (SM==null). It is
// possible that the SM==null for now but then SM is NOT null later
// when safeTrim() is invoked...the "safe" way to do is to redundant
// check (... && (isTrusted || SM == null || getClassLoader0())) in trim
// but it then can be argued that the SM is null when the opertaion
// is started...
CharsetDecoder cd = cs.newDecoder();
int en = scale(len, cd.maxCharsPerByte());
char[] ca = new char[en];
if (len == 0)
return ca;
boolean isTrusted = false;
if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
if (!(isTrusted = (cs.getClass().getClassLoader0() == null))) {
ba = Arrays.copyOfRange(ba, off, off + len);
off = 0;
}
}
cd.onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)
.onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)
.reset();
if (cd instanceof ArrayDecoder) {
int clen = ((ArrayDecoder)cd).decode(ba, off, len, ca);
return safeTrim(ca, clen, cs, isTrusted);
} else {
ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(ba, off, len);
CharBuffer cb = CharBuffer.wrap(ca);
try {
CoderResult cr = cd.decode(bb, cb, true);
if (!cr.isUnderflow())
cr.throwException();
cr = cd.flush(cb);
if (!cr.isUnderflow())
cr.throwException();
} catch (CharacterCodingException x) {
// Substitution is always enabled,
// so this shouldn't happen
throw new Error(x);
}
return safeTrim(ca, cb.position(), cs, isTrusted);
}
}
真正的byte[] 转成char[] 是使用CharsetDecoder虚拟类, 而这个类的对象是你传入的Charset字符编码类中生成的.
看下UTF8的CharsetDecoder实现类.
UTF8的CharsetDecoder 类是内部静态类, 实现了CharsetDecoder 和ArrayDecoder 接口, 接口中的方法很长,都是字节转字符的一些换算, 如果要看懂, 需要一些编码的知识. 追到这里结束
private static class Decoder extends CharsetDecoder implements ArrayDecoder {
private Decoder(Charset var1) {
super(var1, 1.0F, 1.0F);
}
// 此处省略无关方法.......
/**
* 真正的字节转字符的方法
*/
public int decode(byte[] var1, int var2, int var3, char[] var4) {
int var5 = var2 + var3;
int var6 = 0;
int var7 = Math.min(var3, var4.length);
ByteBuffer var8;
for(var8 = null; var6 < var7 && var1[var2] >= 0; var4[var6++] = (char)var1[var2++]) {
}
while(true) {
while(true) {
while(var2 < var5) {
byte var9 = var1[var2++];
if (var9 < 0) {
byte var10;
if (var9 >> 5 != -2 || (var9 & 30) == 0) {
byte var11;
if (var9 >> 4 == -2) {
if (var2 + 1 < var5) {
var10 = var1[var2++];
var11 = var1[var2++];
if (isMalformed3(var9, var10, var11)) {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
var2 -= 3;
var8 = getByteBuffer(var8, var1, var2);
var2 += malformedN(var8, 3).length();
} else {
char var15 = (char)(var9 << 12 ^ var10 << 6 ^ var11 ^ -123008);
if (Character.isSurrogate(var15)) {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
} else {
var4[var6++] = var15;
}
}
} else {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
if (var2 >= var5 || !isMalformed3_2(var9, var1[var2])) {
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
return var6;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
}
} else if (var9 >> 3 != -2) {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
} else if (var2 + 2 < var5) {
var10 = var1[var2++];
var11 = var1[var2++];
byte var12 = var1[var2++];
int var13 = var9 << 18 ^ var10 << 12 ^ var11 << 6 ^ var12 ^ 3678080;
if (!isMalformed4(var10, var11, var12) && Character.isSupplementaryCodePoint(var13)) {
var4[var6++] = Character.highSurrogate(var13);
var4[var6++] = Character.lowSurrogate(var13);
} else {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
var2 -= 4;
var8 = getByteBuffer(var8, var1, var2);
var2 += malformedN(var8, 4).length();
}
} else {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
int var14 = var9 & 255;
if (var14 <= 244 && (var2 >= var5 || !isMalformed4_2(var14, var1[var2] & 255))) {
++var2;
if (var2 >= var5 || !isMalformed4_3(var1[var2])) {
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
return var6;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
} else {
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
}
}
} else {
if (var2 >= var5) {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
return var6;
}
var10 = var1[var2++];
if (isNotContinuation(var10)) {
if (this.malformedInputAction() != CodingErrorAction.REPLACE) {
return -1;
}
var4[var6++] = this.replacement().charAt(0);
--var2;
} else {
var4[var6++] = (char)(var9 << 6 ^ var10 ^ 3968);
}
}
} else {
var4[var6++] = (char)var9;
}
}
return var6;
}
}
}
**结论: 字节转换成字符串需要使用到工具类StringCoding 类的decode方法,此方法会依赖传入的Charset 编码类中的内部静态类StringDecode的decode方法来真正的把字节转成字符串. Java通过接口的定义很好的把具体的实现转移到具体的编码类中, 而String只要面向接口编程就可以了, 这样也方便扩展不同的编码 **
同样的String的getBytes方法也是把主要的工作转移到具体Charset 编码类的StringEncode 来完成
hashCode方法
重写了此方法, 并且值和每个字符有关
public int hashCode() {
int h = hash;
if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
char val[] = value;
for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
h = 31 * h + val[i]; //为何旧值要乘以31
}
hash = h;
}
return h;
}
字符串的拼接concat方法和join静态方法
concat方法
public String concat(String str) {
int otherLen = str.length();
if (otherLen == 0) {
return this;
}
int len = value.length;
char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen);
str.getChars(buf, len);
return new String(buf, true);
}
直接在内存中复制一份新的数组, 在new 一个String对象. 线程安全. 性能较低.
也可以直接是用 + 拼接.
参考 https://blog.csdn.net/youanyyou/article/details/78992978这个链接了解到. + 链接再编译成字节码后还是使用的StringBuiler 来拼接, 而concat 还是使用数组复制加上 new 新对象来拼接, 综合得出 还是使用 + 来拼接吧, 性能更好
join静态方法
public static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements) {
Objects.requireNonNull(delimiter);
Objects.requireNonNull(elements);
// Number of elements not likely worth Arrays.stream overhead.
StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner(delimiter);
for (CharSequence cs: elements) {
joiner.add(cs);
}
return joiner.toString();
}
具体的代码需要追到StringJoiner类中
public final class StringJoiner {
private final String prefix;
private final String delimiter;
private final String suffix;
/*
* StringBuilder value -- at any time, the characters constructed from the
* prefix, the added element separated by the delimiter, but without the
* suffix, so that we can more easily add elements without having to jigger
* the suffix each time.
*/
private StringBuilder value;
/**
* Adds a copy of the given {@code CharSequence} value as the next
* element of the {@code StringJoiner} value. If {@code newElement} is
* {@code null}, then {@code "null"} is added.
*
* @param newElement The element to add
* @return a reference to this {@code StringJoiner}
*/
public StringJoiner add(CharSequence newElement) {
prepareBuilder().append(newElement);
return this;
}
private StringBuilder prepareBuilder() {
if (value != null) {
value.append(delimiter);
} else {
value = new StringBuilder().append(prefix);
}
return value;
}
内部发现还是使用StringBuilder来实现, join 完全就是一个为了使用方便的一个工具方法
replace方法
public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
使用数组遍历替换
public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement)
使用正则表达式进行替换, 正则的源码在 接下来的文章分析
Format 静态方法, 可以格式换字符串, 主要用于字符串的国际化,
内部使用了Formatter类, 而Formatter 中也是使用了正则表达式,
toLowerCase方法
public String toLowerCase(Locale locale)
遍历char 数组, 每个字符使用Character.toLowerCase 来小写
trim 方法
从前后遍历空白字符, 判断空白字符是使用的 char <=' ' 来判断的(学到一点), 后面在使用substring来截取非空白字符
substring方法
内部使用public String(char value[], int offset, int count) 构造方法来生成新的字符串, 在这个构造方法内部会有数组的赋值
valueOf方法
public static String valueOf(Object obj) {
return (obj == null) ? "null" : obj.toString();
}
// 内部使用传入对象的自己的toString方法, 传入对象如果没有重载toString方法, 就使用默认的toString方法.
public static String valueOf(char data[]) {
return new String(data);
}
// 根据传入的数组来选择合适的构造方法来生成String对象
public static String valueOf(boolean b) {
return b ? "true" : "false";
}
// 根据传入布尔值
static copyValueOf方法
public static String copyValueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
return new String(data, offset, count);
}
// 静态工具方法, 默认使用合适构造方法来截取和生成新新的字符串
native intern方法
这个方法涉及到String的内存和常量池, 具体会在其他文章中详解.
public native String intern();
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