一、创建型设计模式
关乎对象创建方式的设计模式是“创建型设计模式”(creational design patern)。一般我们都是通过调用构造器(也就是用参数来调用类对象)来创建对象的,但有时候需要以更灵活的方式来创建对象,而这正式创建型设计模式的用途。
对于python程序员来说,其中某些设计模式彼此之间非常相似,而另外一些则根本用不到。而有些设计模式主要是为c++这种语言设计的,目的是绕开这些编程语言种的某些限制。而python语言没有这些限制,所以用不到。
1.1 抽像工厂模式
“抽像工厂模式”(Abstract Factory Pattern)用来创建复杂的对象,这种对象由许多个小对象组成,而这些小对象都属于某个特定的“系列”(family)。
比方说,在GUI系统里可以设计“抽像控件工厂”(abstract widget factory),并设计三个“具体子类工厂”(concrete subclass factory): MacWidgetFactory、XfceWidgetFactory、WindowsWidgetFactory,它们都提供创建一种对象的方法(例如都提供创建按钮的make_button()方法,都是提供创建数值调整框的make_spinbox()方法),而具体创建出来的对象的风格则与操作系统平台相符。我们可以编写create_dialog()函数,令其以“工厂实例”(factory instance)为参数来创建OS X,Xfce以及Windows风格的对话框,对话框的具体风格取决于传进来的工厂参数。
1) 经典的抽像工厂模式
1.1 抽像工厂的使用方式
import os
import sys
import tempfile
def main():
if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "-P": # For regression testing
create_diagram(DiagramFactory()).save(sys.stdout)
create_diagram(SvgDiagramFactory()).save(sys.stdout)
return
textFilename = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "diagram.txt")
svgFilename = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "diagram.svg")
txtDiagram = create_diagram(DiagramFactory())
txtDiagram.save(textFilename)
print("wrote", textFilename)
svgDiagram = create_diagram(SvgDiagramFactory())
svgDiagram.save(svgFilename)
print("wrote", svgFilename)
1.2 生成对象的函数
def create_diagram(factory):
diagram = factory.make_diagram(30, 7)
rectangle = factory.make_rectangle(4, 1, 22, 5, "yellow")
text = factory.make_text(7, 3, "Abstract Factory")
diagram.add(rectangle)
diagram.add(text)
return diagram
1.3 抽像类工厂
class DiagramFactory:
def make_diagram(self, width, height):
return Diagram(width, height)
def make_rectangle(self, x, y, width, height, fill="white",
stroke="black"):
return Rectangle(x, y, width, height, fill, stroke)
def make_text(self, x, y, text, fontsize=12):
return Text(x, y, text, fontsize)
1.4 具体工厂类
class SvgDiagramFactory(DiagramFactory):
def make_diagram(self, width, height):
return SvgDiagram(width, height)
def make_rectangle(self, x, y, width, height, fill="white",
stroke="black"):
return SvgRectangle(x, y, width, height, fill, stroke)
def make_text(self, x, y, text, fontsize=12):
return SvgText(x, y, text, fontsize)
1.5 控制类
BLANK = " "
CORNER = "+"
HORIZONTAL = "-"
VERTICAL = "|"
class Diagram:
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.diagram = _create_rectangle(self.width, self.height, BLANK)
def add(self, component):
for y, row in enumerate(component.rows):
for x, char in enumerate(row):
self.diagram[y + component.y][x + component.x] = char
def save(self, filenameOrFile):
file = None if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) else filenameOrFile
try:
if file is None:
file = open(filenameOrFile, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for row in self.diagram:
print("".join(row), file=file)
finally:
if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) and file is not None:
file.close()
1.6
def _create_rectangle(width, height, fill):
rows = [[fill for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
for x in range(1, width - 1):
rows[0][x] = HORIZONTAL
rows[height - 1][x] = HORIZONTAL
for y in range(1, height - 1):
rows[y][0] = VERTICAL
rows[y][width - 1] = VERTICAL
for y, x in ((0, 0), (0, width - 1), (height - 1, 0),
(height - 1, width -1)):
rows[y][x] = CORNER
return rows
1.7
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, fill, stroke):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.rows = _create_rectangle(width, height,
BLANK if fill == "white" else "%")
1.8
class Text:
def __init__(self, x, y, text, fontsize):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.rows = [list(text)]
1.9
SVG_START = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20010904//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:space="preserve"
width="{pxwidth}px" height="{pxheight}px">"""
SVG_END = "</svg>\n"
SVG_RECTANGLE = """<rect x="{x}" y="{y}" width="{width}" \
height="{height}" fill="{fill}" stroke="{stroke}"/>"""
SVG_TEXT = """<text x="{x}" y="{y}" text-anchor="left" \
font-family="sans-serif" font-size="{fontsize}">{text}</text>"""
SVG_SCALE = 20
class SvgDiagram:
def __init__(self, width, height):
pxwidth = width * SVG_SCALE
pxheight = height * SVG_SCALE
self.diagram = [SVG_START.format(**locals())]
outline = SvgRectangle(0, 0, width, height, "lightgreen", "black")
self.diagram.append(outline.svg)
def add(self, component):
self.diagram.append(component.svg)
def save(self, filenameOrFile):
file = None if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) else filenameOrFile
try:
if file is None:
file = open(filenameOrFile, "w", encoding="utf-8")
file.write("\n".join(self.diagram))
file.write("\n" + SVG_END)
finally:
if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) and file is not None:
file.close()
1.10
class SvgRectangle:
def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, fill, stroke):
x *= SVG_SCALE
y *= SVG_SCALE
width *= SVG_SCALE
height *= SVG_SCALE
self.svg = SVG_RECTANGLE.format(**locals())
class SvgText:
def __init__(self, x, y, text, fontsize):
x *= SVG_SCALE
y *= SVG_SCALE
fontsize *= SVG_SCALE // 10
self.svg = SVG_TEXT.format(**locals())