numpy/pandas 10min了解pandas

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-19 18:14:46 发布

晴空_万里

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-19 18:14:46 发布

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分类专栏：数据分析专栏文章标签： pandas numpy

原文链接：https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/10min.html#selection-by-label

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前言

查看官方文档是最有效的学习方法：
https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/10min.html#selection
这里仅贴出‘10min了解pandas’的相关内容，作为复习巩固来使用。有一说一，numpy与pandas是python数据分析的基础呀，常用的代码一定要熟练掌握。

jupyter自动补全代码

记不得在其他文章有没有介绍，但个人习惯使用jupyter，代码补全功能同样是很重要的。补全方法如下：
anaconda 安装jupyter
jupyter代码自动补全：
1、pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions（在anaconda的命令窗口下）
2、jupyter contrib nbextension install --user --skip-running-check（在anaconda的命令窗口下）
3、点开 Nbextensions 的选项，并勾选 Hinterland（此步完成）

10min了解pandas

创建对象

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

创建一个Series对象：

In [3]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])

In [4]: s
Out[4]: 
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64

通过传递一个NumPy数组创建一个DataFrame，带有datetime索引和标签列:

In [5]: dates = pd.date_range("20130101", periods=6)

In [6]: dates
Out[6]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [7]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list("ABCD"))

In [8]: df
Out[8]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

通过传递可转换为类似于Series的对象的字典来创建一个DataFrame：

In [9]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(
   ...:     {
   ...:         "A": 1.0,
   ...:         "B": pd.Timestamp("20130102"),
   ...:         "C": pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype="float32"),
   ...:         "D": np.array([3] * 4, dtype="int32"),
   ...:         "E": pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
   ...:         "F": "foo",
   ...:     }
   ...: )
   ...: 

In [10]: df2
Out[10]: 
     A          B    C  D      E    F
0  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
1  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo
2  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
3  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo

返回的DataFrame的列具有不同的dtype。

In [11]: df2.dtypes
Out[11]: 
A           float64
B    datetime64[ns]
C           float32
D             int32
E          category
F            object
dtype: object

粗略查看数据

查看数据的前几行与后几行。

In [13]: df.head()
Out[13]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

In [14]: df.tail(3)
Out[14]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

显示索引，列:

In [15]: df.index
Out[15]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [16]: df.columns
Out[16]: Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')

DataFrame.to_numpy()给出底层数据的NumPy表示。注意，当您的DataFrame有不同数据类型的列时，这可能是一个昂贵的操作，这可归为pandas和NumPy之间的一个基本区别:
==NumPy数组对整个数组有一个dtype，而pandas DataFrames每个列有一个dtype。==当你调用DataFrame.to_numpy()时，pandas会找到NumPy dtype，它可以在DataFrame中保存所有的dtype。这可能最终成为object，这需要将每个值转换为Python对象。
对于df，我们所有浮点值的DataFrame, DataFrame.to_numpy()是快速的，并且不需要复制数据:

In [17]: df.to_numpy()
Out[17]: 
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
       [ 1.2121, -0.1732,  0.1192, -1.0442],
       [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949,  1.0718],
       [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396,  0.2719],
       [-0.425 ,  0.567 ,  0.2762, -1.0874],
       [-0.6737,  0.1136, -1.4784,  0.525 ]])

对于df2，具有多个dtype的DataFrame, DataFrame.to_numpy()是相对昂贵的:

In [18]: df2.to_numpy()
Out[18]: 
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']],
      dtype=object)

Describe()显示了您的数据的快速统计总结:

In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

转置：

In [20]: df.T
Out[20]: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

按索引排序：

In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

按值排序：

In [22]: df.sort_values(by="B")
Out[22]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

查询数据

基础操作：获得列数据：

In [23]: df["A"]
Out[23]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

获得行数据：

In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [25]: df["20130102":"20130104"]
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

按标签（索引、列名）查找

使用索引获得截面数据：（实际是某一行）

In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

按索引、列名查找：

In [27]: df.loc[:, ["A", "B"]]
Out[27]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

In [28]: df.loc["20130102":"20130104", ["A", "B"]]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

In [29]: df.loc["20130102", ["A", "B"]]
Out[29]: 
A    1.212112
B   -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

获得单独的值：

In [30]: df.loc[dates[0], "A"]
Out[30]: 0.4691122999071863

快速写法：

In [31]: df.at[dates[0], "A"]
Out[31]: 0.4691122999071863

按位置查找（输入数字）

In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

前一个参数是行，后一个参数是列：

In [33]: df.iloc[3:5, 0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

单独查等：

In [34]: df.iloc[[1, 2, 4], [0, 2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

In [35]: df.iloc[1:3, :]
Out[35]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [36]: df.iloc[:, 1:3]
Out[36]: 
                   B         C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215  0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05  0.567020  0.276232
2013-01-06  0.113648 -1.478427

获得单独的值：

In [37]: df.iloc[1, 1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858

另一种快速写法：

In [38]: df.iat[1, 1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

布尔索引查找

使用单个列的值来选择数据（返回行数据）：

In [39]: df[df["A"] > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

从满足布尔条件的所有Dataframe中选择值（不符合条件的为NaN）：

In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

使用isin()方法进行过滤:

In [41]: df2 = df.copy()

In [42]: df2["E"] = ["one", "one", "two", "three", "four", "three"]

In [43]: df2
Out[43]: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

#下面这种写法返回的是行数据
In [44]: df2[df2["E"].isin(["two", "four"])]
Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

赋值操作

设置新列会根据索引自动对齐数据。

In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range("20130102", periods=6))

In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

In [47]: df["F"] = s1

按标签赋值：

df.at[dates[0], "A"] = 0

按位置赋值：

In [49]: df.iat[0, 1] = 0

通过NumPy数组赋值进行设置:

df.loc[:, "D"] = np.array([5] * len(df))

前述赋值最终结果：

In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5  5.0

带有条件的赋值操作：

In [52]: df2 = df.copy()

In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2

In [54]: df2
Out[54]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0

缺失值处理

Pandas主要使用值np.nan代表缺失的数据。默认情况下，它不包含在计算中。参见缺失数据部分。
重置索引允许您更改/添加/删除指定轴上的索引。这将返回数据的副本。
（还有一种简单的修改索引的办法，直接赋值即可，如：

f2.index = np.arange(10,14)

）

In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ["E"])

In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0] : dates[1], "E"] = 1

In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  NaN

删除所有包含缺失值的行：

In [58]: df1.dropna(how="any")
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

填充缺失值：

In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  5.0

获取值为nan的布尔掩码：

In [60]: pd.isna(df1)
Out[60]: 
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True

运算

这部分内容太多，后面单独拿出来写。
详细文档：https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/basics.html#flexible-binary-operations

统计分析

这些运算是不包括缺失数据的（nan）。
描述性统计：

In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

在另一个轴上：

In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

操作具有不同维度和需要对齐的对象。此外，pandas还会沿着指定的维度自动广播。

shift: 移位函数

In [63]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8], index=dates).shift(2)

In [64]: s
Out[64]: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [65]: df.sub(s, axis="index")
Out[65]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

Apply

对数据应用函数：

In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0

In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

直方图统计

In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))

In [69]: s
Out[69]: 
0    4
1    2
2    1
3    2
4    6
5    4
6    4
7    6
8    4
9    4
dtype: int64

In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]: 
4    5
2    2
6    2
1    1
dtype: int64

字符串方法

Series在str属性中配备了一组字符串处理方法，便于对数组的每个元素进行操作，如下面的代码片段所示。注意，str中的模式匹配默认情况下通常使用正则表达式(在某些情况下总是使用正则表达式)。更多信息请参见字符串方法那一节。

In [71]: s = pd.Series(["A", "B", "C", "Aaba", "Baca", np.nan, "CABA", "dog", "cat"])

In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

merge与concat

pandas提供了各种工具，可以方便地将Series和DataFrame对象组合在一起，在进行连接/合并类型操作时，还提供了用于索引和关系代数功能的各种集合逻辑。

In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [74]: df
Out[74]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

# break it into pieces
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]

In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

将列添加到DataFrame相对较快。但是，添加一行需要一个副本，而且可能代价昂贵。我们建议将预构建的记录列表传递给DataFrame构造器，而不是通过迭代地向DataFrame构造器添加记录。更多信息请参见Dataframe补充说明。
关于merge的两个例子：

In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "foo"], "lval": [1, 2]})

In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "foo"], "rval": [4, 5]})

In [79]: left
Out[79]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2

In [80]: right
Out[80]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5

In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on="key")
Out[81]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "bar"], "lval": [1, 2]})

In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "bar"], "rval": [4, 5]})

In [84]: left
Out[84]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  bar     2

In [85]: right
Out[85]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  bar     5

In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on="key")
Out[86]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  bar     2     5

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numpy/pandas 10min了解pandas

目录前言jupyter自动补全代码10min了解pandas创建对象粗略查看数据查询数据按标签（索引、列名）查找按位置查找（输入数字）布尔索引查找赋值操作缺失值处理运算统计分析Apply直方图统计字符串方法merge与concat前言查看官方文档是最有效的学习方法：https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/10min.html#selection这里仅贴出‘10min了解pandas’的相关内容，作为复习巩固来使用。有一说一，nu
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