第九章 内存模型和名称空间
1. 下面是一个头文件
//golf.h -- for pr9-1.cpp
const int Len = 40;
struct golf
{
char fullname[Len];
int handicap;
};
// non-interactive version:
// function sets golf structure to provided name, handicap
// using values passed as arguement to the function
// 函数使用传递的name、hc,设置golf结构的成员
void setgolf(golf & g, const char * name, int hc);
// interactive version:
// function solicits name and handicap from user
// and sets the members of g to the values entered
// return 1 if name is entered, 0 if name is empty string
// 函数从用户请求name和handicap,并将g的成员设置为输入的值,
// 如果输入name则返回1,如果name为空字符串则返回0
int setgolf(golf & g);
// function resets handicap to new value
// 重置handicap为新值的函数
void handicap(golf & g, int hc);
// function displays contents of golf structure
// 用来显示golf的内容的函数
void showgolf(const golf & g);
注意到showgolf()被重载,可以这样使用其第一个版本:
golf ann;
setgolf(ann, "Ann Birdfree", 24);
上述函数调用了提供存储在ann结构中的信息,可以这样使用其第三个版本
golf andy;
setgolf(andy);
上述函数将提示用户输入姓名和等级,并将它们存储在andy结构中,这个函数可以(但是不一定必须)在内部使用第一个版本。
根据这个头文件,创建一个多文件程序。
其中的一个文件名为golf.cpp,它提供了与有文件中的原型匹配的函数定义;
另一个文件应包含main(),并演示原型化函数的所有特性。
例如,包含一个让用户输入的循环,并使用输入的数据来填充一个由golf结构组成的数组,数组被填满或用户将高尔夫选手的姓名设置为空字符串时,循环将结束。main()函数只使用头文件原型化的函数来访问golf结构
1.1 单个文件的情况:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
const int Len = 40;
struct golf
{
char fullname[Len];
int handicap;
};
void setgolf(golf & g, const char * name, int hc);
int setgolf(golf & g);
void handicap(golf & g, int hc);
void showgolf(const golf & g);
int main()
{
using namespace std;
const int size = 5;
golf array[size];
int num = 0;
int setgolf_return;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
setgolf_return = setgolf(array[i]);
if(setgolf_return == 0)
break;
else
num += setgolf_return; //或 num++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个:\n";
showgolf(array[i]);
}
handicap(array[0], 0);
cout << "修改第1个的handicap为0后:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个:\n";
showgolf(array[i]);
}
setgolf(array[0], "Ann Birdfree", 24);
cout << "修改第1个的fullname和handicap后:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个:\n";
showgolf(array[i]);
}
return 0;
}
int setgolf(golf & g)
{
using namespace std;
int t;
cout << "请输入姓名:";
cin.get(g.fullname, Len);
if (strlen(g.fullname)==0)
return 0;
else
{
cin.get();
cout << "请输入等级:";
cin >> g.handicap;
cin.get();
return 1;
}
}
void setgolf(golf & g, const char * name, int hc)
{
strcpy(g.fullname, name);
g.handicap = hc;
}
void handicap(golf & g, int hc)
{
g.handicap = hc;
}
void showgolf(const golf & g)
{
using namespace std;
cout << "姓名:\t" << g.fullname << endl;
cout << "等级\t" << g.handicap << endl << endl;
}
//对于输入字符串的处理方式,还可以:
int setgolf(golf & g)
{
using namespace std;
int t;
cout << "请输入姓名:";
cin.get(g.fullname, Len).get(); //或cin.getline(g.fullname, Len);
if (strlen(g.fullname)==0)
return 0;
else
{
cout << "请输入等级:";
cin >> g.handicap;
cin.get();
return 1;
}
}
1.2 将以上单个文件,分成三个文件
golf.h
const int Len = 40;
struct golf
{
char fullname[Len];
int handicap;
};
void setgolf(golf & g, const char * name, int hc);
int setgolf(golf & g);
void handicap(golf & g, int hc);
void showgolf(const golf & g);
//golf.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "golf.h"
int setgolf(golf & g)
{
using namespace std;
int t;
cout << "请输入姓名:";
cin.get(g.fullname, Len);
if (strlen(g.fullname)==0)
return 0;
else
{
cin.get();
cout << "请输入等级:";
cin >> g.handicap;
cin.get();
return 1;
}
}
void setgolf(golf & g, const char * name, int hc)
{
strcpy(g.fullname, name);
g.handicap = hc;
}
void handicap(golf & g, int hc)
{
g.handicap = hc;
}
void showgolf(const golf & g)
{
using namespace std;
cout << "姓名:\t" << g.fullname << endl;
cout << "等级\t" << g.handicap << endl << endl;
}
//pe9-1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "golf.h"
int main()
{
using namespace std;
const int size = 5;
golf array[size];
int num = 0;
int setgolf_return;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
setgolf_return = setgolf(array[i]);
if(setgolf_return == 0)
break;
else
num += setgolf_return; //或 num++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个:\n";
showgolf(array[i]);
}
handicap(array[0], 0);
cout << "修改第1个的handicap为0后:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个:\n";
showgolf(array[i]);
}
setgolf(array[0], "Ann Birdfree", 24);
cout << "修改第1个的fullname和handicap后:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个:\n";
showgolf(array[i]);
}
return 0;
}
2. 修改程序清单9.9: 用string类代替字符数组。
这样,该程序将不再需要检查输入的字符串是否过长,同时可以将输入字符串同字符串""进行比较,以判断是否为空行。
程序清单9.9如下:
//static.cpp -- using a static local variable
#include <iostream>
// constants
const int ArSize = 10;
// function prototype
void strcount(const char * str);
int main()
{
using namespace std;
char input[ArSize];
char next;
cout << "Enter a line:\n";
cin.get(input, ArSize);
while (cin)
{
cin.get(next);
while (next != '\n') // string didn't fit!
cin.get(next); // dispose of remainder
strcount(input);
cout << "Enter next line (empty line to quit):\n";
cin.get(input, ArSize);
}
cout << "Bye\n";
// code to keep window open for MSVC++
/*
cin.clear();
while (cin.get() != '\n')
continue;
cin.get();
*/
return 0;
}
void strcount(const char * str)
{
using namespace std;
static int total = 0; // static local variable
int count = 0; // automatic local variable
cout << "\"" << str <<"\" contains ";
while (*str++) // go to end of string
count++;
total += count;
cout << count << " characters\n";
cout << total << " characters total\n";
}
//修改后
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// function prototype
void strcount(const string str);
int main()
{
string input;
cout << "Enter a line:\n";
getline(cin, input);
while (input != "")
{
strcount(input);
cout << "Enter next line (empty line to quit):\n";
getline(cin, input);
}
cout << "Bye\n";
return 0;
}
void strcount(const string str)
{
static int total = 0; // static local variable
int count = 0; // automatic local variable
cout << "\"" << str <<"\" contains ";
while (str[count]) // go to end of string
count++;
total += count;
cout << count << " characters\n";
cout << total << " characters total\n";
}
3. 下面是一个结构声明:
struct chaff
{
char dross[20];
int slag;
};
编写一个程序,使用定位new运算符将一个包含两个这种结构的数组放在一个缓冲区中。
然后,给结构的成员赋值(对于char数组,使用函数strcpy()),并使用一个循环来显示内容。
一种方法是像程序清单9.10 那样将一个静态数组用作缓冲区;另一种方法是使用常规new运算符来分配缓冲区。
3.1 方法一
#include <iostream>
#include <new>
#include <string>
struct chaff
{
char dross[20];
int slag;
};
int main()
{
using namespace std;
char buffer[512];
cout << "buffer的地址为:\t" << (void *)buffer << endl;
chaff * p1 = new (buffer) chaff[2];
cout << "p1的地址为:\t" << p1 << endl;
strcpy(p1[0].dross, "abc");
p1[0].slag = 1;
strcpy(p1[1].dross, "def");
p1[1].slag = 2;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
cout << "p1[" << i << "] at " << &p1[i] << endl;
cout << "dross:\t" << p1[i].dross << endl;
cout << "slag:\t" << p1[i].slag << endl;
}
return 0;
}
方法二
#include <iostream>
#include <new>
#include <string>
struct chaff
{
char dross[20];
int slag;
};
int main()
{
using namespace std;
char * buffer = new char [512];
cout << "buffer的地址为:\t" << (void *)buffer << endl;
chaff * p1 = new (buffer) chaff[2];
cout << "p1的地址为:\t" << p1 << endl;
strcpy(p1[0].dross, "abc");
p1[0].slag = 1;
strcpy(p1[1].dross, "def");
p1[1].slag = 2;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
cout << "p1[" << i << "] at " << &p1[i] << endl;
cout << "dross:\t" << p1[i].dross << endl;
cout << "slag:\t" << p1[i].slag << endl;
}
return 0;
}
4. 请基于下面的名称空间编一个由3个文件组成的程序
namespace SALES
{
const int QUARTERS = 4;
struct Sales
{
double sales[QUARTERS];
double average;
double max;
double min;
};
// copies the lesser of 4 or n items from the array ar
// to the sales member of s and computes and stores the
// average, maximum, and minimum values of the entered items;
// remaining elements of sales, if any, set to 0
// 将含有最多4个元素的数组ar复制到s结构的sales成员中,计算并存储输入项的平均值,最大值和最小值,如果有剩余的sales元素,设置为0
void setSales(Sales & s, const double ar[], int n);
// gathers sales for 4 quarters interactively, stores them
// in the sales member of s and computes and stores the
// average, maximum, and minimum values
// 以交互方式收集4个季度的销售额,将它们存储在s的sales成员中并计算并存储平均值,最大值和最小值
void setSales(Sales & s);
// display all information in structure s
// 显示s结构中的所有信息
void showSales(const Sales & s);
}
第一个文件是一个头文件,其中包含名称空间;
第二个文件是一个源代码文件,它对这个名称空间进行拓展,以提供这三个函数的定义;
第三个文件声明两个Sales对象,并使用setSales()的交互式版本为一个结构提供值,
然后使用setSales()的非交互式版本,为另一个结构提供值。
另外它还使用showSales()来显示这两个结构的内容。
//头文件sales
//sales.h
namespace SALES
{
const int QUARTERS = 4;
struct Sales
{
double sales[QUARTERS];
double average;
double max;
double min;
};
void setSales(Sales & s, const double ar[], int n);
void setSales(Sales & s);
void showSales(const Sales & s);
}
//源文件1
#include <iostream>
#include "sales.h"
namespace SALES
{
void setSales(Sales & s, const double ar[], int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
s.sales[i] = ar[i];
if (n < QUARTERS)
for (int i = n; i < QUARTERS; i++)
s.sales[i] = 0;
double sum = 0;
double max = s.sales[0];
double min = s.sales[0];
for (int i =0; i < QUARTERS; i++)
{
sum += s.sales[i];
if (max < s.sales[i])
max = s.sales[i];
if (min > s.sales[i])
min = s.sales[i];
}
s.average = sum/QUARTERS;
s.max = max;
s.min = min;
}
void setSales(Sales & s)
{
for (int i = 0; i < QUARTERS; i++)
{
using namespace std;
cout << "请输入第" << i+1 << "季度的销售额:";
cin >> s.sales[i];
cin.get();
}
double sum = 0;
double max = s.sales[0];
double min = s.sales[0];
for (int i =0; i < QUARTERS; i++)
{
sum += s.sales[i];
if (max < s.sales[i])
max = s.sales[i];
if (min > s.sales[i])
min = s.sales[i];
}
s.average = sum/QUARTERS;
s.max = max;
s.min = min;
}
void showSales(const Sales & s)
{
using namespace std;
cout << "四个季度的销售额为:\n";
for (int i =0; i < QUARTERS; i++)
cout << "第" << i+1 << "季度的销售额:\t" << s.sales[i] << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "平均值为:\t" << s.average << endl;
cout << "最大值为:\t" << s.max << endl;
cout << "最小值为:\t" << s.min << endl;
cout << endl << endl;
}
}
//源文件2
#include <iostream>
#include "sales.h"
using namespace SALES;
int main()
{
Sales object1;
Sales object2;
Sales object3;
double ar1[4] = {1,2,3,4};
double ar2[3] = {1,2,3};
setSales(object1);
setSales(object2, ar1, 4);
setSales(object3, ar2, 3);
showSales(object1);
showSales(object2);
showSales(object3);
return 0;
}