MYSQL的字符序_mysql中的字符集和字符序

字符集和字节序

什么是字符集和字符序?简单的说:

字符集(character set):定义了字符以及字符的编码.

字符序(collation):定义了字符的比较规则.

关于字符集,我们在Mysql中最容易遇到的问题就是插入的字符中含有emoji表情,如果我们设置的字符集不是utf8mb4,而是utf8我们就会遇见1366的错误码.其中的原因就是Mysql的utf8是被阉割后只支持3个字节,而emoji表情需要4个字节.

关于字符序,例如我们在查询中的sql语句是:select * from t_content where content = 'abc',很可能会出现content=ABC的记录.而这种情况发生主要就是字符序导致的.

Mysql支持的字符集和字符序

因为Mysql版本的不同,所支持的字符集合字符序也有细微差异,我们可以通过下面查询语句列出:

-- 查看字符集

SHOW CHARSET;

-- 查看字符序

SHOW COLLATION;

查询结果如下(Mysql版本为5.7.21):

字符集.jpg

字符序.jpg

字符集中的Charset表示该字符集在Mysql中的名称,Default collation表示该字符集默认的字符序,Maxlen表示该字符集支持的最大长度.

字符序中的Collation表示字符序在Mysql中的名称,Charset表示其对应的字符集,Default表示是不是默认的的字符序.对于字节序的命名规则,它的组成一般都是字符集_语言_后缀.而其中的后缀代表它的比较规则,如下表所示:

后缀

描述

ai

不区分重音

as

区分重音

ci

不区分大小写

cs

区分大小写

bin

以二进制方式比较

字符集和字符序查看

Mysql支持对server,database,table,column的字符集和字符序进行设置和修改.

server

通过下面语句可以查看Mysql服务的目前的字符集和字节序:

-- 查询字符集

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "character_set_server";

+----------------------+-------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+----------------------+-------+

| character_set_server | utf8 |

+----------------------+-------+

1 row in set

-- 查询字符序

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "collation_server";

+------------------+-----------------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+------------------+-----------------+

| collation_server | utf8_general_ci |

+------------------+-----------------+

1 row in set

我们可以通过下面语句来修改server的字符集和字符序:

-- 设置字符集

mysql> SET character_set_server = utf8mb4;

Query OK, 0 rows affected

-- 设置字符序

mysql> SET collation_server = utf8mb4_bin;

Query OK, 0 rows affected

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "collation_server";

+------------------+-------------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+------------------+-------------+

| collation_server | utf8mb4_bin |

+------------------+-------------+

1 row in set

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "character_set_server";

+----------------------+---------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+----------------------+---------+

| character_set_server | utf8mb4 |

+----------------------+---------+

1 row in set

database

通过下面方式我们可以查看database的字符集和字符序:

-- 选择tests数据库

mysql> use test;

Database changed

-- 查询

mysql> select @@character_set_database,@@collation_database;

+--------------------------+----------------------+

| @@character_set_database | @@collation_database |

+--------------------------+----------------------+

| utf8mb4 | utf8mb4_general_ci |

+--------------------------+----------------------+

1 row in set

还可以通过下面这种方式查询:

mysql> SELECT SCHEMA_NAME, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME, DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA WHERE schema_name="test";

+-------------+----------------------------+------------------------+

| SCHEMA_NAME | DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME |

+-------------+----------------------------+------------------------+

| test | utf8mb4 | utf8mb4_general_ci |

+-------------+----------------------------+------------------------+

在创建表时我们可以通过下面语句设置字符集和字符序:

CREATE DATABASE db_name

[[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET charset_name]

[[DEFAULT] COLLATE collation_name]

如果表已经创建完成,后续需要修改我们可以通过下面语句修改:

ALTER DATABASE db_name

[[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET charset_name]

[[DEFAULT] COLLATE collation_name]

下面展示如何修改test库的字符集和字节序:

mysql> alter database test character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;

Query OK, 1 row affected

mysql> SELECT SCHEMA_NAME, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME, DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA WHERE schema_name="test";

+-------------+----------------------------+------------------------+

| SCHEMA_NAME | DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME |

+-------------+----------------------------+------------------------+

| test | utf8 | utf8_bin |

+-------------+----------------------------+------------------------+

在创建数据时,如果我们指定了字符集和字符序则会使用我们指定的,如果我们没有指定,则会使用server中的字符集和字符序.

table

通过下面方式我们可以查看table的字符集和字符序:

mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| buydeem_order |

| data |

| employees |

| jpa |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| rest |

| sakila |

| sales_support |

| sell |

| sys |

| test |

| world |

+--------------------+

14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 查看字符序 show table status from 库名 where name = 表名

mysql> show table status from test where name = 't_content'\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Name: t_content

Engine: InnoDB

Version: 10

Row_format: Dynamic

Rows: 0

Avg_row_length: 0

Data_length: 16384

Max_data_length: 0

Index_length: 0

Data_free: 0

Auto_increment: NULL

Create_time: 2020-09-15 15:22:08

Update_time: NULL

Check_time: NULL

Collation: utf8_general_ci

Checksum: NULL

Create_options:

Comment:

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Collation就是该table的字符序,该结果中为utf8_general_ci,与之对应的字符集就是utf8.我们可以使用下面语句修改table的字符集和字符序:

-- ALTER TABLE 表名 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin;

mysql> use test;

Database changed

mysql> alter table t_content default character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;

Query OK, 0 rows affected

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show table status from test where name = 't_content'\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Name: t_content

Engine: InnoDB

Version: 10

Row_format: Dynamic

Rows: 0

Avg_row_length: 0

Data_length: 16384

Max_data_length: 0

Index_length: 0

Data_free: 0

Auto_increment: NULL

Create_time: 2020-09-15 17:42:59

Update_time: NULL

Check_time: NULL

Collation: utf8_bin

Checksum: NULL

Create_options:

Comment:

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

通过上面语句我们修改了table对应的字符集和字符序.

column

通过下面语句查看column的字符集和字符序:

SELECT CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=数据库名称 AND TABLE_NAME=表名 AND COLUMN_NAME=字段名;

同样我们可以修改column属性时设置CHARACTER SET和COLLATE来修改原先的字符集和字符序:

-- 修改表t_content的content的字符集为utf8mb4字符序为utf8mb4_bin

ALTER TABLE t_content

MODIFY COLUMN content CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin