ruby入门

 第一个ruby

class Player
    def initialize(name="Koma")
        @name=name
    end
 
    def show()
        puts"player:#{@name}"
    end
end
 
koma=Player.new()
koma.show()
 
bobo=Player.new("bobo")
bobo.show()

if的使用

puts"请输入第一个边的长度"
input=gets.to_i
puts"请输入第2个边的长度"
input2=gets.to_i
puts"请输入第3个边的长度"
input3=gets.to_i

if input3>input+input2
	puts"这是一个三角形"
	puts"三边长度分别为#{input} #{input2} #{input3}"
else
	puts"这不是一个三角形"
end

case的使用：

input=gets.to_i
case input
when 1..2
	puts"我猜你输入的是1或者2"

when 3..100
	puts"绝对大于2"
end

while的使用：

input=gets.to_i

while input==1
	puts"我猜的输入的是1"	
	break
end
while input!=1
	puts"我猜不透你的心"
	break
end

从1加到5000

sum=0

(1..5000).each { |i| 
	sum+=i
 }
 puts sum

异常处理：

a=100

while true
	b=gets.to_i
	begin

	puts a/b
		
	rescue StandardError => e
		puts"请不要输入0"	
	end
end

定义函数带默认值：cmd导入才能调用

irb

require 'D:\Ruby\rubyproject\function.rb'

def add(a=0,b=0)

	return a+b
	
end

构造函数：

class Students
	def initialize(name,num,gender)
		@name = name
		@num = num
		@gender = gender
	end
end

创建对象：

a=Students.new(c参数，参数，参数)

a.sayHi

getter和setter方法：

class Students

	attr_accessor :name
	attr_reader :num
	attr_writer :gender


	def initialize(name,num,gender)
		@name = name
		@num = num
		@gender = gender
	end
	
end

调用常量：

Student::Version

继承：

class UniversityStudents < Students

扩充类：

把类在写一次

+def方法就行

模块相当于一个类

想要用模块里的东西：include

moudle A
    PI=3.1415926
    
    def self.sqrt(num)
        Math.sqrt(num)
    end

    def hello
        p "hello"
    end
end


#调用
class Student
       include A

        def initialize(num)
            @num=num
        end
end

d第一个ruby程序：windows下不要前两行，shell下加上前两行

#!/usr/bin/ruby   
# filename : first-ruby.rb
class Sample
	def hello
		puts "hello world "
	end
end

s=Sample.new()
s.hello

第一个ruby程序：

class Sample
	def hello(bobo)
		puts "我是#{bobo}"
	end
end

s=Sample.new()
s.hello("lele")

ruby取字符串：命令行irb

irb(main):017:0> string = "Ruby in 30 Minutes at yiibai.com"
=> "Ruby in 30 Minutes at yiibai.com"
irb(main):018:0> string[0..8]
=> "Ruby in 3"
irb(main):019:0> string[8..16]
=> "30 Minute"
irb(main):020:0> string[8..-1]
=> "30 Minutes at yiibai.com"
irb(main):021:0> string[8..-2]
=> "30 Minutes at yiibai.co"
irb(main):022:0>

字符串长度：

string.length

句子分解：可任意指定断开符号：默认找空格

C:\Users\Administrator>irb
irb(main):001:0> string = "This is my sample sentence."
=> "This is my sample sentence."
irb(main):002:0> string.split
=> ["This", "is", "my", "sample", "sentence."]
irb(main):003:0>

按特定字符分句numbers.split(" ")这里按空格分解

替换指定字符：       .sub和.gsub全部替换

irb(main):013:0> greeting = "Hello, Hello Everyone!"
=> "Hello, Hello Everyone!"
irb(main):014:0> greeting.sub("Hello","Hi")
=> "Hi, Hello Everyone!"
irb(main):015:0> greeting.gsub("Hello","Hi")
=> "Hi, Hi Everyone!"
irb(main):016:0>

自定义变量插入：

irb(main):025:0> modifier = "very "
=> "very "
irb(main):026:0> mood = "excited"
=> "excited"
irb(main):028:0> puts "I am #{modifier * 3 + mood} for today's play!"
I am very very very excited for today's play!
=> nil
irb(main):029:0>

循环重复执行5次：

class Chongfu
	def zhixing
		5.times do
			puts "hello world"
		end
	end
end
s=Chongfu.new()
s.zhixing

5.times do |i|
  puts "#{i}: Hello, World!"
end

找到并用大写替换：

irb(main):048:0> "this is a sentence".gsub("e"){|letter| letter.upcase}
=> "this is a sEntEncE"
irb(main):049:0>

用铲子工具添加元素到数组末尾：

meals << "Dessert"

irb(main):049:0> meals = ["Breakfast", "Lunch", "Dinner"]
=> ["Breakfast", "Lunch", "Dinner"]
irb(main):050:0> meals << "Dessert"
=> ["Breakfast", "Lunch", "Dinner", "Dessert"]
irb(main):051:0> meals[2]
=> "Dinner"
irb(main):052:0> meals.last
=> "Dessert"
irb(main):053:0>

数组和数字的排序：

英文字母默认按照asscii排序

irb(main):056:0> array1 = ["this", "is", "an", "array"]
=> ["this", "is", "an", "array"]
irb(main):057:0> array1.sort
=> ["an", "array", "is", "this"]
irb(main):058:0> array1
=> ["this", "is", "an", "array"]
irb(main):059:0>

哈希值-----键值对的用法；

irb(main):001:0> produce = {"apples" => 3, "oranges" => 1, "carrots" => 12}
=> {"apples"=>3, "oranges"=>1, "carrots"=>12}
<e are #{produce['oranges']} oranges in the fridge."
There are 1 oranges in the fridge.
=> nil
irb(main):003:0>

通过键值对取值：

keys---------------- values

irb(main):006:0> produce["grapes"] = 219
=> 219
irb(main):007:0> produce
=> {"grapes"=>219}
irb(main):008:0> produce["oranges"] = 66
=> 66
irb(main):009:0> produce
=> {"grapes"=>219, "oranges"=>66}
irb(main):010:0> produce.keys
=> ["grapes", "oranges"]
irb(main):011:0> produce.values
=> [219, 66]
irb(main):012:0>

键值对的简化：

irb(main):012:0> produce = {apples: 3, oranges: 1, carrots: 12}
=> {:apples=>3, :oranges=>1, :carrots=>12}
irb(main):013:0> puts "There are #{produce[:oranges]} oranges in the fridge."
There are 1 oranges in the fridge.
=> nil
irb(main):014:0>

在类的内部，通常使用def关键字定义一个或多个方法，如下：

class Student
  attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name, :primary_phone_number

  def introduction
    puts "Hi, I'm #{first_name}!"
  end
end

当定义一个类后，还要创建类的一个实例，如下所示：

frank = Student.new

 完整代码：

class Student
  attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name, :primary_phone_number

  def introduction
    puts "Hi, I'm #{first_name}!"
  end
end

frank = Student.new
frank.first_name = "Max"
frank.introduction

 文件相关的处理：

在哪里用的cmd进入的irb的ruby文件就默认保存在哪里

通过Dir.pwd查看当前所在位置：

irb(main):002:0> Dir.pwd
=> "D:/Ruby/copy"
irb(main):003:0> File.rename("1.txt","2.txt")
=> 0
irb(main):004:0>

文件的重命名：返回值为0代表运行成功

irb(main):003:0> File.rename("1.txt","2.txt")
=> 0
irb(main):004:0>

文件的复制：要调用模块

require "FileUtils"

模块中中有个cp的方法：

FileUtils.cp("2.txt","3.txt")

删除文件----彻底删除，谨慎操作！！！！！！

FileUtils.delete("2.txt")

文件夹的操作：

打开文件夹：

Dir.open("../rubyproject")

读取文件名：

irb(main):016:0> dir=Dir.open("../rubyproject")
=> #<Dir:../rubyproject>
irb(main):017:1* while file_name=dir.read
irb(main):018:1*   p.file_name
irb(main):019:0> end

创建文件夹：

irb(main):020:0> Dir.mkdir("temp")
=> 0

删除文件夹：

Dir.delete("temp")

时间类：初始化时间

irb(main):021:0> Time.new
=> 2022-03-06 22:20:30.4597542 +0800

获取现在的时间：

irb(main):022:0> Time.now
=> 2022-03-06 22:21:30.1456633 +0800

获取年月日时分秒：

irb(main):024:0> t.year
=> 2022
irb(main):025:0> t.month
=> 3
irb(main):026:0> t.day
=> 6
irb(main):027:0> t.sec
=> 9
irb(main):028:0>

今天是第多少天：

irb(main):028:0> t.yday
=> 65

自定义时间格式：

irb(main):030:0> Time.new.strftime("%Y%m%d  %H:%M:%S")
=> "20220306  22:30:08"
irb(main):031:0>

迭代器：

5.times{|n|
	p "hello"
	p n
}

a=[1,2,3,4,5]
a.each{ |n| 
	p n}

正序和逆序排序：

a=[6,7,5,8,5,]
p r=a.sort
p r.reverse

自定义迭代器：

class Book
	attr_accessor :title, :author, :
	def initialize(title, author)
		@title=title
		@author=author
	end
end

class BookList
	attr_accessor :booklist
	def initialize()
		@booklist=Array.new(10) { |i|  }
	end

	def add(book)
		@booklist.push(book)
	end
	def length
		@booklist.length
	end
	def [](n)
		@booklist[n]
	end
	def []=(n,book)
		@booklist[n]=book
	end
	def delete(book)
		@booklist.delete(book)
	end

	def each_title
		@booklist.each{|book|
			yield(book.title)
		}
end
BookList.new.each_title{|title|
	p title
}

判断奇偶数：

irb(main):013:0> 3.even?
=> false
irb(main):014:0> 3.odd?
=> true
irb(main):015:0>

一个内容打印多遍：

irb(main):015:0> 3.times {p "hello"}
"hello"
"hello"
"hello"
=> 3
irb(main):016:0>

保留多少位小数点：

irb(main):016:0> 3.2333333.round(3)
=> 3.233
irb(main):017:0>

倒叙排序：

irb(main):030:0> "asdfghkuygjnbkjhskjsdhkajsd".reverse
=> "dsjakhdsjkshjkbnjgyukhgfdsa"

包含某个字符吗？

irb(main):034:0> "hello".include?('o')
=> true

查看字母的索引：

irb(main):035:0> "hello".index("o")
=> 4
irb(main):036:0>

 替换某个字符：cha

irb(main):036:0> "asdf".sub("s","v")
=> "avdf"
irb(main):037:0>

 查看字符长度：，转换字符为symol

irb(main):037:0> a.size
=> 4
irb(main):038:0> a.to_s
=> "asdf"
irb(main):039:0> a.to_sym
=> :asdf
irb(main):040:0>

生成数组：

irb(main):051:0> a=Array.new
=> []
irb(main):052:0> a=Array.new(3)
=> [nil, nil, nil]
irb(main):053:0>
irb(main):053:0> a=Array.new(3,0)
=> [0, 0, 0]
irb(main):054:0>

注意两种方式的区别：

irb(main):054:0> a=Array.new(3,"asdf")
=> ["asdf", "asdf", "asdf"]
irb(main):055:0> a=Array.new(3){"asdf"}
=> ["asdf", "asdf", "asdf"]
irb(main):056:0> a[0].object_id
=> 527240

比较方便的写法：

irb(main):059:0> arr=%w(foo bat hsh ksajdk  sakdjs)
=> ["foo", "bat", "hsh", "ksajdk", "sakdjs"]
irb(main):060:0>

比较安全的用法：数组的取值

irb(main):059:0> arr=%w(foo bat hsh ksajdk  sakdjs)
=> ["foo", "bat", "hsh", "ksajdk", "sakdjs"]
irb(main):060:0> arr[0]
=> "foo"
irb(main):061:0> arr[-1]
=> "sakdjs"
irb(main):062:0> arr[1..3]
=> ["bat", "hsh", "ksajdk"]
irb(main):063:0> arr.fetch(0)
=> "foo"

取特定值，没有就写入默认值：

irb(main):065:0> arr.fetch(5,"trsradfs")
=> "trsradfs"

数字组长度：

arr.length

存在某个特定的字符吗？

irb(main):067:0> arr.include?("sr")
=> false

array是空的，吗？

irb(main):068:0> arr.empty?
=> false

添加元素：

irb(main):069:0> arr.push("dsajkhdkjasasfkjasi")
=> ["foo", "bat", "hsh", "ksajdk", "sakdjs", "dsajkhdkjasasfkjasi"]
irb(main):070:0>

数组远处填充：

irb(main):070:0> arr[15]="ghsdhfhs"
=> "ghsdhfhs"
irb(main):071:0> arr
=>
["foo",
 "bat",
 "hsh",
 "ksajdk",
 "sakdjs",
 "dsajkhdkjasasfkjasi",
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 nil,
 "ghsdhfhs"]

删除特定元素：

irb(main):072:0> arr.delete_at(0)
=> "foo"
irb(main):073:0>

通过内容删除：

arr.delete("XXXX")

不显示相同的值：

irb(main):076:0> arr.uniq
=> ["bat", "hsh", "ksajdk", "sakdjs", "dsajkhdkjasasfkjasi", nil, "ghsdhfhs", "ss"]
irb(main):077:0>

随机调换元素位置：

irb(main):077:0> arr.shuffle
=>

展平多维数组：

irb(main):078:0> arr.flatten
=>

数组元素的枚举：

irb(main):083:0> arr=[1,-1,2,-3,4,2]
=> [1, -1, 2, -3, 4, 2]
irb(main):084:0> arr.each{|e|  p e}
1
-1
2
-3
4
2
=> [1, -1, 2, -3, 4, 2]
irb(main):085:0>

倒着遍历：

irb(main):085:0> arr.reverse_each{|e| p e}
2
4
-3
2
-1
1
=> [1, -1, 2, -3, 4, 2]
irb(main):086:0>

带索引遍历：

irb(main):087:0> arr.each_with_index{|w , e| p [w,e]}
[1, 0]
[-1, 1]
[2, 2]
[-3, 3]
[4, 4]
[2, 5]
=> [1, -1, 2, -3, 4, 2]
irb(main):088:0>

s数组的排序：

irb(main):089:0> arr.sort
=> [-3, -1, 1, 2, 2, 4]
irb(main):090:0>

找出数组大于0 的元素：

irb(main):091:0> arr.select{|w| p w>0}
true
false
true
false
true
true
=> [1, 2, 4, 2]
irb(main):092:0>

加上和去掉nil:

irb(main):092:0> arr<<nil
=> [1, -1, 2, -3, 4, 2, nil]
irb(main):093:0> arr.compact
=> [1, -1, 2, -3, 4, 2]
irb(main):094:0>

 如何定义一个hash:

irb(main):098:0> h={a:3,j:4}
=> {:a=>3, :j=>4}
irb(main):099:0>
irb(main):099:0> h={"b":3,"d":4}
=> {:b=>3, :d=>4}
irb(main):100:0>

定义hash的初始值：

irb(main):100:0> Hash.new
=> {}
irb(main):101:0> Hash.new(3)
=> {}
irb(main):102:0> h=Hash.new(3)
=> {}
irb(main):103:0> h[0]
=> 3
irb(main):104:0> h[1]
=> 3
irb(main):105:0>

HashNew([])

k=Hash.new{|h,k| h[k]=[]}
=> {}

irb(main):108:0> l=Hash.new([])
=> {}
irb(main):109:0> l[:b]<<1
=> [1]
irb(main):110:0> l[:a]<<1
=> [1, 1]
irb(main):111:0>
irb(main):112:0> k=Hash.new{|h,k| h[k]=[]}
=> {}
irb(main):113:0> k[:a]<<1
=> [1]
irb(main):114:0> k[:b]1

同时取出Key和value:

irb(main):134:0> l.assoc(:a)
=> nil
irb(main):135:0>

列表里有某个元素吗：

irb(main):135:0> l.has_value?(2)
=> false
irb(main):136:0>

拿到所有Hash的可以和value：

irb(main):137:0> k.keys
=> [:a, :b]
irb(main):138:0> k.values
=> [[1], []]
irb(main):139:0>

把两个hash合并到一起：

irb(main):139:0> h.merge(k)
=> {:a=>[1], :b=>[]}
irb(main):140:0>

遍历key和value:

irb(main):152:0> p.each{|key, value| p key,value}
:a
[1]
:b
[9]
=> {:a=>[1], :b=>[9]}
irb(main):153:0>

起别名：

irb(main):163:1* def foo
irb(main):164:1*   puts "foo"
irb(main):165:0> end
=> :foo
irb(main):166:0> foo
foo
=> nil
irb(main):167:0> alias :bar :foo
=> nil
irb(main):168:0> bar
foo
=> nil
irb(main):169:0>

自定义算数方法：

运算符的重新定义

irb(main):178:0> arr=[1,2,3]
=> [1, 2, 3]
irb(main):179:1* def arr.+(num)
irb(main):180:1*   self.dup<<num
irb(main):181:0> end
=> :+
irb(main):182:0> arr+4
=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
irb(main):183:0>

参数：函数定义：

irb(main):197:0> bar(a: 2,b: 5)
:a
2
:b
5
=> {:a=>2, :b=>5}
irb(main):198:0>

yield的使用：

def foo(a=2)
	yield a
end

foo(4) {|a| p a}

load "XXXX.rb"

判断字符在不在前一个字符里：

def start_wtith(arr,str)
	arr.each do |el|
		yield el if el.start_wtith?(str)
	end
end

定义一个类：

class Point
	def initiable(x,y)
		@x,@y =x, y
	end
end

用法：

irb 

load "lei.rb"

irb(main):007:0> Point.new(2,5)
=> #<Point:0x0000028aa1133840 @x=2, @y=5>
irb(main):008:0>

类方法和实例方法：

class Point
	attr_accessor :x#getter setter
	attr_reader :y#reader

	def initialize(x=0,y=0)
		@x,@y =x, y
	end

	def first_quadrant?
		x>0&&y>0
	end

	def +(p2)
		Point.new(x+p2.x,y+p2.y)
	end

	def self.second_quadrant?(x,y)
		x<0&&y>0
	end

	class << self
		def foo
		end
		def bar 
		end
		def wat
		end
	end
end

继承：

class Point3D<Point
	def initialize(x=0,y=0,z=0)
		@x,@y,@z = x,y,z
	end
end

按行读取文件：

改变文件夹：Dir.chdir("路径")

最简洁的：会自动关闭文件

File.readlines("path.file")

irb(main):262:0> File.readlines("D:\\Ruby\\rubyproject\\bobo.txt","r+")
=> ["123\n12345\n1234567"]

irb(main):255:1* File.open("D:\\Ruby\\rubyproject\\bobo.txt","r+") do |f|
irb(main):256:2*   while line=f.gets
irb(main):257:2*     puts line
irb(main):258:1*   end
irb(main):259:0> end
123
12345
1234567
=> nil

写入文件：

irb(main):265:1* File.open("D:\\Ruby\\rubyproject\\bobo.txt","w+") do |f|
irb(main):266:1*   f<<"hello"
irb(main):267:1*   f<<"world"
irb(main):268:1*   f.puts "hello"
irb(main):269:1*   f.puts "word"
irb(main):270:0> end
=> nil