mysql5.6新特性之gtid_MySQL5.6 新特性之GTID

背景:

MySQL5.6在5.5的基础上增加了一些改进,本文章先对其中一个一个比较大的改进"GTID"进行说明。

概念:

GTID即全局事务ID(global

transaction

identifier),GTID实际上是由UUID+TID组成的。其中UUID是一个MySQL实例的唯一标识。TID代表了该实例上已经提交的事务数量,并且随着事务提交单调递增,所以GTID能够保证每个MySQL实例事务的执行(不会重复执行同一个事务,并且会补全没有执行的事务)。下面是一个GTID的具体形式:

4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-77

更具体的说明见官方说明。

GTID意义:

引入GTID的意义是什么?

1)因为清楚了GTID的格式,所以通过UUID可以知道这个事务在哪个实例上提交的。

2)通过GTID可以极方便的进行复制结构上的故障转移,新主设置。很好的解决了下面这个图(图来自高性能MySQL第10章)的问题。

244722bf773c217d60db45dc0ac53e6a.png

上面图的意思是:Server1(Master)崩溃,根据从上show

slave

status获得Master_log_File/Read_Master_Log_Pos的值,Server2(Slave)已经跟上了主,Server3(Slave)没有跟上主。这时要是把Server2提升为主,Server3变成Server2的从。这时在Server3上执行change的时候需要做一些计算,这里就不做说明了,具体的说明见高性能MySQL第10章,相对来说是比较麻烦的。

这个问题在5.6的GTID出现后,就显得非常的简单。由于同一事务的GTID在所有节点上的值一致,那么根据Server3当前停止点的GTID就能定位到Server2上的GTID。甚至由于MASTER_AUTO_POSITION功能的出现,我们都不需要知道GTID的具体值,直接使用CHANGE

MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='xxx', MASTER_AUTO_POSITION命令就可以直接完成failover的工作。

原理:

从服务器连接到主服务器之后,把自己执行过的GTID(Executed_Gtid_Set) 、获取到的GTID(Retrieved_Gtid_Set)发给主服务器,主服务器把从服务器缺少的GTID及对应的transactions发过去补全即可。当主服务器挂掉的时候,找出同步最成功的那台从服务器,直接把它提升为主即可。如果硬要指定某一台不是最新的从服务器提升为主,

先change到同步最成功的那台从服务器, 等把GTID全部补全了,就可以把它提升为主了。

测试:

1)复制环境的搭建:具体的复制搭建的步骤可以在网上搜索

因为支持GTID,所以5.6多了几个参数:

mysql> show variables like '%gtid%';

+---------------------------------+-----------+

| Variable_name                   | Value     |

+---------------------------------+-----------+

| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery     | OFF       |

| enforce_gtid_consistency        | OFF       |

| gtid_deployment_step            | OFF       |

| gtid_executed                   |           |

| gtid_mode                       | OFF       |

| gtid_next                       | AUTOMATIC |

| gtid_owned                      |           |

| gtid_purged                     |           |

| simplified_binlog_gtid_recovery | OFF       |

+---------------------------------+-----------+

主从环境的搭建和5.5没有什么区别,唯一需要注意的是:开启GTID需要启用这三个参数:

#GTID

gtid_mode                = on

enforce_gtid_consistency = 1

log_slave_updates        = 1

任意一个参数不开启则都会报错:

2015-08-09 02:33:57 6512 [ERROR] --gtid-mode=ON or UPGRADE_STEP_1 or UPGRADE_STEP_2 requires --log-bin and --log-slave-updates

2015-08-09 02:33:57 6512 [ERROR] Aborting

2015-08-09 02:39:58 9860 [ERROR] --gtid-mode=ON or UPGRADE_STEP_1 requires --enforce-gtid-consistency

2015-08-09 02:39:58 9860 [ERROR] Aborting

具体的方法可以参考官方文档。

三个实例开启之后(3306、3307、3308),执行change的时候也要注意:

各个实例的uuid:

3306:

mysql> select @@server_uuid;

+--------------------------------------+

| @@server_uuid                        |

+--------------------------------------+

| 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e |

+--------------------------------------+

3307:

mysql> select @@server_uuid;

+--------------------------------------+

| @@server_uuid                        |

+--------------------------------------+

| 041d0e65-3cde-11e5-9a6e-001c4270714e |

+--------------------------------------+

3308:

mysql> select @@server_uuid;

+--------------------------------------+

| @@server_uuid                        |

+--------------------------------------+

| 081ccacf-3ce4-11e5-9a95-001c4270714e |

+--------------------------------------+

使用5.6之前的主从change:

mysql> change master to master_host='127.0.0.1',master_user='rep',master_password='rep',master_log_file='mysql-bin3306.000001',master_log_pos=151,/*master_auto_position=1*/;

报错:

ERROR 1776 (HY000): Parameters MASTER_LOG_FILE, MASTER_LOG_POS, RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS cannot be set when MASTER_AUTO_POSITION is active.

当使用 MASTER_AUTO_POSITION 参数的时候,MASTER_LOG_FILE,MASTER_LOG_POS参数不能使用。

使用5.6之后的主从change:

mysql> change master to master_host='127.0.0.1',master_user='rep',master_password='rep',master_port=3306,master_auto_position=1;

在执行上面的命令的时候会报错2个warnings,主要的原因是复制账号安全的问题,相关的信息可以看这里。

从总体上看来,由于要支持GTID,所以不需要手工确定主服务器的MASTER_LOG_FILE及MASTER_LOG_POS。要是不需要GTID则需要指定FILE和POS。在2个从上执行上面命令,到此主从环境搭建完成。GTID的主从完成之后可以通过show

processlist查看:

mysql> show processlist\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Id: 38

User: rep

Host: localhost:52321

db: NULL

Command: Binlog Dump GTID   #通过GTID复制

Time: 48

State: Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for binlog to be updated

Info: NULL

Rows_sent: 0

Rows_examined: 0

2)测试复制的故障转移

server1(3306)挂了,服务器起不来了。需要把其中的一个从设置为主,另一个设置为其的从库:

server2(3307):

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000002

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 4156773

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 4156773

server3(3308):

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 83795320

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 83795320

相比之下server2完成的事务要比server3更接近或则等于server1,现在需要把server3设置为server2的从库。

在MySQL5.6之前,这里的计算会很麻烦,要计算之前主库的log_pos和当前要设置成主库的log_pos,很有可能出错。所以出现了一些高可用性的工具如MHA,MMM等解决问题。

在MySQL5.6之后,很简单的解决了这个难题。因为同一事务的GTID在所有节点上的值一致,那么根据server3当前停止点的GTID就能定位到server2上的GTID,所以直接在server3上执行change即可:

mysql> stop slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

#千万不要执行 reset master,否则会从最先的GTID上开始执行。

mysql> change master to master_host='127.0.0.1',master_user='rep',master_password='rep',master_port=3307,master_auto_position=1; #指定到另一个比较接近主的从上。

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)

mysql> start slave;  #成功的切换到新主

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

主从结构已经变更,server2是Master,server3是Slave。因为不需要计算pos的值,所以通过GTID很简单的解决了这个问题。

3)跳过复制错误:gtid_next、gtid_purged

① 从服务器跳过一个错误的事务:

mysql> show slave status\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event

Master_Host: 127.0.0.1

Master_User: rep

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 38260944

Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3307.000002

Relay_Log_Pos: 369

Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Slave_IO_Running: Yes

Slave_SQL_Running: No

Replicate_Do_DB:

Replicate_Ignore_DB:

Replicate_Do_Table:

Replicate_Ignore_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:

Last_Errno: 1008

Last_Error: Error 'Can't drop database 'mablevi'; database doesn't exist' on query. Default database: 'mablevi'. Query: 'drop database mablevi'

Skip_Counter: 0

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 151

Relay_Log_Space: 38261371

Until_Condition: None

Until_Log_File:

Until_Log_Pos: 0

Master_SSL_Allowed: No

Master_SSL_CA_File:

Master_SSL_CA_Path:

Master_SSL_Cert:

Master_SSL_Cipher:

Master_SSL_Key:

Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL

Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No

Last_IO_Errno: 0

Last_IO_Error:

Last_SQL_Errno: 1008

Last_SQL_Error: Error 'Can't drop database 'mablevi'; database doesn't exist' on query. Default database: 'mablevi'. Query: 'drop database mablevi'

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:

Master_Server_Id: 1

Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e

Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info

SQL_Delay: 0  #通过在change的时候指定,如:change master to master_delay=600,延迟10分钟同步。

SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL

Slave_SQL_Running_State:

Master_Retry_Count: 86400

Master_Bind:

Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:

Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 150810 23:38:39

Master_SSL_Crl:

Master_SSL_Crlpath:

Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-48

Executed_Gtid_Set:

Auto_Position: 1

在MySQL5.6之前,只需要执行:

mysql> set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1;

跳过一个错误的事务,就可以继续进行复制了。但在MySQL5.6之后则不行:

mysql> set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1;

ERROR 1858 (HY000): sql_slave_skip_counter can not be set when the server is running with @@GLOBAL.GTID_MODE = ON. Instead, for each transaction that you want to skip, generate an empty transaction with the same GTID as the transaction

分析:因为是通过GTID来进行复制的,也需要跳过这个事务从而继续复制,这个事务可以到主上的binlog里面查看:因为不知道找哪个GTID上出错,所以也不知道如何跳过哪个GTID。但在show slave status里的信息里可以找到在执行Master里的POS:151

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 151

的时候报错,所以通过mysqlbinlog找到了GTID:

# at 151

#150810 22:57:45 server id 1  end_log_pos 199 CRC32 0x5e14d88f     GTID [commit=yes]

SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1'/*!*/;

找到这个GTID之后执行:必须按照下面顺序执行

mysql> stop slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> set session gtid_next='4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1';  #在session里设置gtid_next,即跳过这个GTID

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> begin;      #开启一个事务

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SET SESSION GTID_NEXT = AUTOMATIC;   #把gtid_next设置回来

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start slave;  #开启复制

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

查看复制状态:

mysql> show slave status\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event

Master_Host: 127.0.0.1

Master_User: rep

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 38260944

Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3307.000003

Relay_Log_Pos: 716

Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Slave_IO_Running: Yes

Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

Replicate_Do_DB:

Replicate_Ignore_DB:

Replicate_Do_Table:

Replicate_Ignore_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:

Last_Errno: 0

Last_Error:

Skip_Counter: 0

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 38260944

Relay_Log_Space: 38261936

Until_Condition: None

Until_Log_File:

Until_Log_Pos: 0

Master_SSL_Allowed: No

Master_SSL_CA_File:

Master_SSL_CA_Path:

Master_SSL_Cert:

Master_SSL_Cipher:

Master_SSL_Key:

Seconds_Behind_Master: 0

Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No

Last_IO_Errno: 0

Last_IO_Error:

Last_SQL_Errno: 0

Last_SQL_Error:

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:

Master_Server_Id: 1

Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e

Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info

SQL_Delay: 0  #延迟同步

SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL

Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it

Master_Retry_Count: 86400

Master_Bind:

Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:

Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:

Master_SSL_Crl:

Master_SSL_Crlpath:

Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-48

Executed_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-48

Auto_Position: 1

在此成功跳过了错误,同步继续。可以通过这个办法来处理复制失败的问题,这里还有个例子,有兴趣的可以看一下(从服务器中跳过一条语句/事务):

mysql > stop slave;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.05 sec)

mysql > CHANGE master TO MASTER_DELAY=600;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.27 sec)

mysql > START slave;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)

master 原本是正常的, 然后意外地执行了 truncate table:

mysql > INSERT INTO t SET title='c';

Query OK, 1 ROW affected (0.03 sec)

mysql > INSERT INTO t SET title='d';

Query OK, 1 ROW affected (0.05 sec)

mysql > SHOW master STATUS \G

*************************** 1. ROW ***************************

File: black-bin.000001

POSITION: 2817

Binlog_Do_DB:

Binlog_Ignore_DB:

Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-10

ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)

mysql > TRUNCATE TABLE t;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.15 sec)

mysql > SHOW master STATUS \G

*************************** 1. ROW ***************************

File: black-bin.000001

POSITION: 2948

Binlog_Do_DB:

Binlog_Ignore_DB:

Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-11

ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)

slave有延迟, 虽然已经获取到了gtid及对应的events, 但是并未执行:

mysql > SHOW slave STATUS \G

*************************** 1. ROW ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting FOR master TO send event

.......

.......

SQL_Delay: 600

SQL_Remaining_Delay: 565

Slave_SQL_Running_State: Waiting until MASTER_DELAY seconds after master executed event

Master_Retry_Count: 86400

Master_Bind:

Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:

Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:

Master_SSL_Crl:

Master_SSL_Crlpath:

Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:9-11

Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-8

Auto_Position: 1

ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)

要想办法在slave中跳过 GTID:0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:11, 也就是那条truncate table语句 。

办法就是设置GTID_NEXT,然后提交一个空的事务。

mysql > stop slave;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.03 sec)

mysql > SET session gtid_next='0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:11';

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.00 sec)

mysql > BEGIN; commit;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.01 sec)

mysql >SET SESSION GTID_NEXT = AUTOMATIC;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.00 sec)

mysql > START slave;

Query OK, 0 ROWS affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)

查看复制状态

mysql > SHOW slave STATUS \G

*************************** 1. ROW ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting FOR master TO send event

.......

.......

Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:9-11

Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-11

Auto_Position: 1

ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)

mysql > SELECT * FROM t;

+----+-------+

| id | title |

+----+-------+

|  1 | a     |

|  2 | b     |

|  3 | c     |

|  4 | d     |

+----+-------+

ROWS IN SET (0.00 sec)

成功跳过 truncate table, 当然此时主从的数据已经不一致了。

注意:通过GTID的复制都是没有指定MASTER_LOG_FILE和MASTER_LOG_POS的,所以通过GTID复制都是从最先开始的事务开始,除非在自己的binlog里面有执行过之前的记录,才会继续后面的执行。

② 要是事务日志被purge,再进行change:

mysql> show master logs;

+----------------------+-----------+

| Log_name             | File_size |

+----------------------+-----------+

| mysql-bin3306.000001 |  38260944 |

+----------------------+-----------+

row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush logs;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> show tables;

+---------------+

| Tables_in_mmm |

+---------------+

| patent_family |

| t1            |

| t2            |

+---------------+

rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table t3(id int)engine = tokudb;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into t3 values(3),(4);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.05 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> flush logs;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> create table ttt(id int)engine = tokudb;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into ttt values(1),(2),(3),(4),(5);

Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show master logs;

+----------------------+-----------+

| Log_name             | File_size |

+----------------------+-----------+

| mysql-bin3306.000001 |  38260995 |

| mysql-bin3306.000002 |       656 |

| mysql-bin3306.000003 |       619 |

+----------------------+-----------+

rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> purge binary logs to 'mysql-bin3306.000003';  #日志被purge

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show master logs;   #日志被purge之后等下的binlog

+----------------------+-----------+

| Log_name             | File_size |

+----------------------+-----------+

| mysql-bin3306.000003 |       619 |

+----------------------+--------

3308登陆之后执行:

mysql> change master to master_host='127.0.0.1',master_user='rep',master_password='rep',master_port=3306,master_auto_position=1;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.04 sec)

mysql> start slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State:

Master_Host: 127.0.0.1

Master_User: rep

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File:

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 4

Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3308.000001

Relay_Log_Pos: 4

Relay_Master_Log_File:

Slave_IO_Running: No

Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

Replicate_Do_DB:

Replicate_Ignore_DB:

Replicate_Do_Table:

Replicate_Ignore_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:

Last_Errno: 0

Last_Error:

Skip_Counter: 0

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 0

Relay_Log_Space: 151

Until_Condition: None

Until_Log_File:

Until_Log_Pos: 0

Master_SSL_Allowed: No

Master_SSL_CA_File:

Master_SSL_CA_Path:

Master_SSL_Cert:

Master_SSL_Cipher:

Master_SSL_Key:

Seconds_Behind_Master: 0

Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No

Last_IO_Errno: 1236

Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: 'The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires.'

Last_SQL_Errno: 0

Last_SQL_Error:

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:

Master_Server_Id: 1

Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e

Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql3/master.info

SQL_Delay: 0

SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL

Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it

Master_Retry_Count: 86400

Master_Bind:

Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 150811 00:02:50

Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:

Master_SSL_Crl:

Master_SSL_Crlpath:

Retrieved_Gtid_Set:

Executed_Gtid_Set:

Auto_Position: 1

报错:

Last_IO_Errno: 1236

Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: 'The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires.'

这里需要解决的是:Slave如何跳过purge的部分,而不是在最先开始的事务执行。

在主上执行,查看被purge的GTID:

mysql> show global variables like 'gtid_purged';

+---------------+-------------------------------------------+

| Variable_name | Value                                     |

+---------------+-------------------------------------------+

| gtid_purged   | 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-50 |

+---------------+-------------------------------------------+

row in set (0.00 sec)

在从上执行,跳过这个GTID:

mysql> stop slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global gtid_purged = '4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-50';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> reset master;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> start slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

要是出现:

ERROR 1840 (HY000): @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.

则需要执行:

reset master;

到这从的同步就正常了。

mysql> show slave status\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event

Master_Host: 127.0.0.1

Master_User: rep

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000003

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 619

Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3308.000002

Relay_Log_Pos: 797

Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000003

Slave_IO_Running: Yes

Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

Replicate_Do_DB:

Replicate_Ignore_DB:

Replicate_Do_Table:

Replicate_Ignore_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:

Last_Errno: 0

Last_Error:

Skip_Counter: 0

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 619

Relay_Log_Space: 1006

Until_Condition: None

Until_Log_File:

Until_Log_Pos: 0

Master_SSL_Allowed: No

Master_SSL_CA_File:

Master_SSL_CA_Path:

Master_SSL_Cert:

Master_SSL_Cipher:

Master_SSL_Key:

Seconds_Behind_Master: 0

Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No

Last_IO_Errno: 0

Last_IO_Error:

Last_SQL_Errno: 0

Last_SQL_Error:

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:

Master_Server_Id: 1

Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e

Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql3/master.info

SQL_Delay: 0

SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL

Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it

Master_Retry_Count: 86400

Master_Bind:

Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:

Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:

Master_SSL_Crl:

Master_SSL_Crlpath:

Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:51-52

Executed_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-52

Auto_Position: 1

row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use mmm

Database changed

mysql> show tables;

+---------------+

| Tables_in_mmm |

+---------------+

| ttt           |

+---------------+

row in set (0.00 sec)

③ 通过另一个从库恢复从库数据

比如一台从库误操作,数据丢失了,可以通过另一个从库来进行恢复:

slave2(3308):

mysql> use mmm

Database changed

mysql> show tables;

+---------------+

| Tables_in_mmm |

+---------------+

| patent_family |

| t             |

| tt            |

+---------------+

rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> truncate table tt;  #误操作,把记录删除了

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event

Master_Host: 127.0.0.1

Master_User: rep

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 38260553

Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3308.000002

Relay_Log_Pos: 38260771

Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001

Slave_IO_Running: Yes

Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

Replicate_Do_DB:

Replicate_Ignore_DB:

Replicate_Do_Table:

Replicate_Ignore_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:

Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:

Last_Errno: 0

Last_Error:

Skip_Counter: 0

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 38260553

Relay_Log_Space: 38260980

Until_Condition: None

Until_Log_File:

Until_Log_Pos: 0

Master_SSL_Allowed: No

Master_SSL_CA_File:

Master_SSL_CA_Path:

Master_SSL_Cert:

Master_SSL_Cipher:

Master_SSL_Key:

Seconds_Behind_Master: 0

Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No

Last_IO_Errno: 0

Last_IO_Error:

Last_SQL_Errno: 0

Last_SQL_Error:

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:

Master_Server_Id: 1

Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e

Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql3/master.info

SQL_Delay: 0  #延迟同步

SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL

Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it

Master_Retry_Count: 86400

Master_Bind:

Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:

Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:

Master_SSL_Crl:

Master_SSL_Crlpath:

Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-46

Executed_Gtid_Set: 081ccacf-3ce4-11e5-9a95-001c4270714e:1,  #多出了一个GTID(本身实例执行的事务)

4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-46

Auto_Position: 1

数据被误删除之后,最好停止复制:stop slave;

恢复数据从slave1(3307)上备份数据,并还原到slave2(3308)中。

备份:

mysqldump  -uzjy -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 --default-character-set=utf8 --set-gtid-purged=ON -B mmm > mmm1.sql

在还原到slave2的时候需要在slave2上执行:reset master; 不然会报错:

ERROR 1840 (HY000) at line 24: @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.

还原:

root@zjy:~# mysql -uzjy -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 --default-character-set=utf8 < mmm.sql

开启同步:

mysql> start slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec)

这时候你会发现误删除的数据已经被还原,并且复制也正常。因为根据GTID的原理,通过slave1的备份直接可以和Master进行同步。

这里备份注意的一点是:在备份开启GTID的实例里,需要指定--set-gtid-purged参数,否则会报warning:

Warning: A partial dump from a server that has GTIDs will by default include the GTIDs of all transactions, even those that changed suppressed parts of the database. If you don't want to restore GTIDs, pass --set-gtid-purged=OFF. To make a complete dump, pass --all-databases --triggers --routines --events

备份文件里面会出现:

SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED='4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-483';

还原的时候会要求先在实例上reset master,不然会报错:

Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

ERROR 1840 (HY000) at line 24: @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.

指定--set-gtid-purged=ON参数,出现GTID_PURGED,直接还原的时候执行,从库不需要其他操作就可以直接change到主。关于GTID更多的信息可以到官方文档里查看。

总结:

GTID就是全局事务ID(global

transaction identifier

),最初由google实现,官方MySQL在5.6才加入该功能。要是主从结构只有一台Master和一台Slave对于GTID来说就没有优势了,而对于2台主以上的结构优势异常明显,可以在数据不丢失的情况下切换新主。

使用GTID需要注意的是:在构建主从复制之前,在一台将成为主的实例上进行一些操作(如数据清理等),通过GTID复制,这些在主从成立之前的操作也会被复制到从服务器上,引起复制失败。即:通过GTID复制都是从最先开始的事务日志开始,即使这些操作在复制之前执行。比如在server1上执行一些drop、delete的清理操作,接着在server2上执行change的操作,会使得server2也进行server1的清理操作。

参考文章:

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