matlab磁聚焦,磁聚焦变像管像场弯曲的改善研究

廖昱博

, 刘进元

, 蔡厚智

, 白雁力

, 付文勇

, 陈家堉

, 郭泉良

. . 磁聚焦变像管像场弯曲的改善研究. 光学学报, 2017, 44(10): 1004004-。

Liao Yubo

, Liu Jinyuan

, Cai Houzhi

, Bai Yanli

, Fu Wenyong

, Chen Jiayu

, Guo Quanliang

. . Improvement of Field Curvature in Magnetic-Focusing Image Converter Tube. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2017, 44(10): 1004004-.

磁聚焦变像管像场弯曲的改善研究

廖昱博1,2, 刘进元1,*, 蔡厚智1, 白雁力1, 付文勇1, 陈家堉1, 郭泉良1

1深圳大学光电子器件与系统教育部重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060

2赣南师范大学物理与电子信息学院, 江西 赣州 341000

摘要

研制大面积阴极磁聚焦分幅变像管。在2∶1电子光学倍率下,研究单磁透镜和双磁透镜成像的像场弯曲。基于光学透镜成像原理,假设成像面形状不随激励微调而改变,推导了离轴点最佳成像位置与激励变化的近似关系式,并由此提出一种测量并减小像管像场弯曲的方法;借助Matlab编程模拟了像管各离轴点的最佳成像位置,拟合得到成像曲面方程,并利用所提出的像场弯曲测量方法进行了测试验证。结果表明,在一定视场范围内,计算机模拟与实验测试结果比较接近。单、双磁透镜下的最佳成像面均为旋转抛物面,但双磁透镜成像像场弯曲比单磁透镜有明显的改善。

关键词

超快光学; 变像管; 短磁聚焦; 空间性能; 像场弯曲

Improvement of Field Curvature in Magnetic-Focusing Image Converter Tube

Liao Yubo1,2, Liu Jinyuan1,*, Cai Houzhi1, Bai Yanli1, Fu Wenyong1, Chen Jiayu1, Guo Quanliang1

1Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China

2School of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China

Abstract

A large cathode magnetic-focusing framing image converter tube is designed and developed. The field curvatures of single magnetic lens and double magnetic lens systems are investigated at electron optical magnification of 2∶1. Based on optical lens imaging principle, the approximate relational expressions of the imaging excitation variation with the best image positions of the off-axis object are derived in the cases of single magnetic lens and separated double magnetic lens systems. It is assumed that the shape of image surface does not change with excitation in a certain scope. Accordingly, a method of field curvature measurement and decrease is proposed. Then, by virtue of Matlab programming, the best image positions for off-axis point objects are simulated, and the image surface equations are fitted, which are experimentally verified by use of the proposed method of field curvature measurement. It is showed that computer simulations agree with the experimental results within a certain field of view. Both of the best image surfaces of two systems are paraboloids of revolution. But the field curvature of double magnetic lens system is obviously smaller than that of single magnetic lens system.

Key words

ultrafast optics; image converter tube; short magnetic focusing; spatial performance; field curvature

论文信息

doi:10.3788/CJL201744.1004004

OCIS codes:

320.7100; 040.1490; 230.025; 110.2960

*

作者简介: 廖昱博(1982—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事超快诊断技术方面的研究。E-mail: bobocome@126.com。*通信联系人。E-mail: ljy@szu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2017-05-19

基金项目:国家自然科学基金、深圳市科技计划JCYJ20160608173121055,JCYJ20170302153912966

1 引言

X射线分幅相机利用变像管来实现图像的光电转换、脉冲选通以及图像增强, 是一种同时具有亚纳秒时间分辨和二维空间分辨能力的高灵敏度诊断设备。其借助光电阴极实现波长转换, 响应波段覆盖紫外光到X射线区, 广泛应用于X射线激光、惯性约束核聚变(ICF)、Z-箍缩(Z-P)以及强场物理等[重大研究领域中。

在超快诊断应用中, 时间分辨和空间分辨是衡量分幅变像管性能的两个重要技术指标。特别是ICF等研究的进一步发展, 对变像管相机的时空分辨提出了更高的要求, 进而加快了变像管技术的革新。传统微通道板(MCP)选通分幅像管的空间分辨率约为20 lp/mm(50 μm), 时间分辨率为35~100 ps[。Hilsabeck等[将脉冲展宽技术(PDT)和MCP行波选通技术相结合, 成功研制了时间展宽分幅相机。这种像管的光电阴极与MCP在漂移区分开。当X光脉冲照射到阴极上, 激发的光电子信号在阴栅之间的斜坡电压脉冲的作用下产生速度梯度, 使信号前沿部分比后沿部分具有更大的速度。经过漂移区后, 光电子束在时间上被展宽, 并通过长磁透镜将其成像在MCP微带上, 在快门脉冲的选通作用下, 时间分辨率可达5 ps。然而, 其动态空间分辨率约为3.3 lp/mm(300 μm)。在此基础上改进磁透镜结构, 在电子光学设计中引入一个短磁透镜替代长磁聚焦, 研制了短磁聚焦时间展宽分幅像管[, 其时间分辨率达到11 ps, 动态空间分辨率优于10 lp/mm(100 μm)[。但是, 该像管在阴极远轴区的空间分辨不理想, 存在明显的像场弯曲(简称场曲, FC), 无法用平面接收屏获取平面物体在整个视场范围的清晰成像, 进而影响其空间分辨能力, 缩小了像管的有效成像范围。因此, 深入研究像管的场曲并设法减小场曲, 具有非常重要的理论价值和现实意义。

在所研制的短磁聚焦分幅像管的基础上, 本文通过理论分析、计算机模拟与实验测试相结合的方法研究像管的场曲。基于透镜成像原理, 分别推导出表征单、双磁透镜场曲的近似关系式。结合计算机模拟与实验测试进行验证, 探讨如何减小像管场曲。

2 像管场曲的理论分析

电子束的场曲是由远轴区与近轴区的聚焦能力不同造成的[。离轴越远的电子受到的电磁场作用越强, 其聚焦位置因离轴距离不同, 不同程度地偏离理想成像平面, 形成一个凹向物方的曲面, 故可以用各离轴点最佳成像位置与高斯像面的轴向距离来度量场曲。基于透镜成像原理, 结合实际测试条件, 在保持物透镜、磁透镜以及平面接收屏三者位置均不变的情况下, 根据离轴距离与其最佳成像激励的关系, 即可求出各离轴像点对应的轴向偏离。以下分别分析经单磁透镜和双磁透镜后成像缩小为原来1/2时的场曲, 并将磁透镜作薄透镜处理, 假设励磁电流改变较小时成像面形状不变。

图1给出了单磁透镜成像的分析。与光学透镜成像关系相似, 物距s、像距s'以及焦距f之间满足高斯成像公式:

1/s+1/s'=1/f。(1)

图1

Fig. 1

图1 单磁透镜成像的场曲分析Fig. 1 Field curvature analysis of single magnetic lens system

对于短磁透镜, 焦距与励磁电流之间近似满足[

f=k/I2,(2)k=65VR/N2,(3)

式中V、R、N、I分别为电子束加速电压、磁透镜线圈的平均半径、线圈匝数以及励磁电流, 即在此条件下近轴区理想成像。 (1)式、 (2)式分别对励磁电流I求导, 且物距不随激励变化, 联立可得

ds'/s'2=-2IdI/k。(4)

考虑到励磁电流小幅度降低, 对其积分并整理后得

Δs'=-ΔI(s')1(s')0(I0+I)/k,(5)

式中I0和I分别是激励改变前后的电流, ΔI代表这一过程中电流的增量; (s')1和(s')0分别为励磁电流降低前后近轴区的像距, Δs'代表该过程中成像面的后移量。由此可见, 略微降低励磁电流, 近轴区成像面将沿轴后移。又因为成像面形状不变, “凹面”也将跟随整体后移。如果此时离轴h物点的最佳成像位置恰好落入接收屏, 则Δs'即为该离轴h物点成像面的轴向偏离, 记作(Δs')h。因电流改变较小, 前后的像距差别较小, 可近似为

(Δs')h=-ΔIs'2(I0+I)/k。(6)

双磁透镜成像的分析如图2所示, 其离轴成像面的轴向偏离可作类似分析。在此仅讨论两磁透镜中心间隔较大距离, 前透镜L1比较靠近物, 所成的中间像为虚像的情形。对于透镜L1, 满足成像关系:

1/s+1/s'=1/f1,(7)

对于透镜L2, 满足成像关系:

1/s2+1/s'=1/f2,(8)

其中, 中间像对透镜L2的物距为

s2=-s'1+d。(9)

在透镜L2的励磁电流I2不变的情况下, 略微减小L1的励磁电流I10至I1, 计算最终像距s'对I1的导数, 经积分运算和近似处理, 可得双磁透镜成像离轴h物点成像面的轴向偏离为

(Δs')h=-ΔIs'2(I10+I1)s'21/(ks22)。(10)

图2

Fig. 2

图2 双磁透镜成像的场曲分析Fig. 2 Field curvature analysis of double magnetic lens system

由此得到两种成像系统下离轴物点最佳成像位置偏离高斯像面的近似关系式。由(6)式和(10)式可知, 在近轴区最佳成像时, 调节励磁电流以使离轴不同距离的物点依次获得最佳成像, 从而间接测量像管的场曲。由于各离轴点的最佳成像位置难以直接测量, 故采用Matlab编程进行数值模拟并与之作对比。

3 变像管场曲的数值模拟

在2∶1 电子光学倍率下, 分别对单磁透镜和双磁透镜成像进行模拟。所模拟的像管结构包括光电阴极、栅网、短磁透镜、漂移管以及平面接收屏。阴极加-3 kV电压, 栅网接地, 阴栅加速区长1 mm。短磁透镜的结构是线圈密绕于铝芯, 外覆软铁屏蔽罩。线圈匝数N为1320, 磁透镜轴向宽为100 mm, 内直径为160 mm, 外直径为256 mm, 内壳上开有4 mm环形空气缝隙。漂移区管长为500 mm, 平面接收屏置于漂移管末端。建立空间直角坐标系, 将坐标原点定在漂移管中心。阴栅间加速场作匀强电场处理。当磁透镜缝隙较小时, 轴上磁感应强度分布为[

B=1.32μ0NIsech2(2.63z/D)/D,(11)

式中z为轴上点的坐标, I为磁透镜激励电流, D为磁透镜孔径, μ0为真空中的磁导率。由此, 再根据磁场的幂级数展开式, 可得轴外的磁场分布[。分别从阴极中心、离轴9, 15, 21, 27 mm等处随机抽样发射400个电子。光电子发射条件、电子轨迹的分析参照文献[

模拟过程中, 调整磁透镜激励和位置, 确定近轴区最佳成像时单磁透镜中心距离平面接收屏173 mm, 激励电流为0.311 A; 双磁透镜位置如图3(a)所示, 激励电流分别为0.218 A(前)和0.337 A(后)。两种成像系统轴上的磁场分布如图3(b)所示, 单、双磁透镜轴上最大的磁感应强度分别为4.3×10-3 T和4.6×10-3 T。由电子轨迹追迹法统计像面落点分布的均方根半径, 可得出两种系统阴极中心对应的空间MTF曲线, 进而求得当MTF降至0.1时, 单磁透镜成像阴极中心的空间分辨率为7.1 lp/mm, 双磁透镜成像为10.3 lp/mm。各离轴点的空间分辨率如图4所示。可见, 双磁透镜成像的空间分辨率高于单磁透镜成像。而且两种系统的轴外空间分辨率均明显低于近轴区的空间分辨率, 即都存在一定的场曲。在不改变磁透镜位置和激励的条件下, 沿轴负向平移接收屏, 依次得到各离轴点最佳成像位置的轴向坐标及其空间分辨率, 如表1所示。值得注意的是, 单磁透镜成像下即使在最佳成像面, 离轴15 mm以外点的空间分辨率也明显不如近轴区, 这主要是由像散造成的。由最佳成像位置的轴向坐标, 根据像管结构的旋转轴对称性, 可以描绘最佳成像的弯曲像面, 并拟合出相应的曲面方程。图5给出了两种成像系统弯曲像面的拟合结果, 图中的小圆圈代表轴外点对应的像点位置。单磁透镜成像的像面方程为z=249.001-0.083(x2+y2); 双磁透镜成像的像面方程为z=249.044-0.052(x2+y2)。显然, 两种成像条件下的最佳像面均为旋转抛物面, 并且单磁透镜的场曲明显大于双磁透镜成像。

图3

Fig. 3

图3 (a)分幅变像管双磁透镜成像模型; (b)两种系统轴上的磁场分布Fig. 3 (a) Imaging model of framing converter tube with double magnetic lens system; (b) distribution of magnetic field of two systems on the axis

图4

Fig. 4

图4 两种成像系统空间分辨率随离轴距离的变化Fig. 4 Variation of spatial resolution with off-axis distance for two systems

表1

Table 1

Simulated best image positions and spatial resolutions for off-axis point objects

Table 1表1 离轴各点最佳成像位置与空间分辨率的模拟结果      Table 1 Simulated best image positions and spatial resolutions for off-axis point objects

表1离轴各点最佳成像位置与空间分辨率的模拟结果Table 1Simulated best image positions and spatial resolutions for off-axis point objectsImaging systemOff-axis distance /mmBest image position z /mmSpatial resolution /( lp·mm-1)Double magnetic lens9248.810.3

Double magnetic lens15246.710.3

Double magnetic lens21244.610.2

Double magnetic lens27237.49.1

Single magnetic lens9246.57.1

Single magnetic lens15243.03.9

Single magnetic lens21237.02.1

single magnetic lens27231.81.3

图5

Fig. 5

图5 (a)单磁透镜和(b)双磁透镜成像系统计算机模拟的弯曲成像面Fig. 5 Curved image surfaces obtained by computer simulation for (a) single magnetic lens and (b) double magnetic lens systems

4 变像管场曲的实验测试

变像管测试采用最新研制的大面积阴极像管, 其基本结构如图6所示。大面积阴极像管的物面具有尺寸为72 mm×12 mm的镀金微带结构, 像管末端装配有MCP、荧光屏和图像采集系统(CCD)。由于MCP具有尺寸为40 mm×8 mm的微带结构, 为确保阴极的像完全落在MCP上, 选择2∶1的成像倍率。为便于测试各离轴位置的空间分辨率, 利用光刻技术在阴极微带上规则地刻划各种空间频率的分辨率板, 每块分辨率板是尺寸为3 mm×3 mm的小方格, 其线对数分别为2, 5, 10, 15, 35 lp/mm。测试时, 直接用紫外(UV)灯作为光源采集静态图像。测试条件为:阴极电压-3.0 kV, MCP电压-560 V, 屏压+3.4 kV。磁透镜参照数值模拟的位置放置, 测得单磁透镜近轴成像的励磁电流为0.344 A; 双磁透镜近轴成像的励磁电流为0.240 A(前)和0.385 A(后)。实验时像管内部真空压强控制在1.0×10-3 Pa以下。

图6

Fig. 6

图6 实验测试系统基本结构图Fig. 6 Schematic of experimental system

图7和图8分别给出了不同励磁电流下单磁透镜和双磁透镜成像的测试结果。由图7可知, 单磁透镜成像离轴空间分辨率下降较快, 离轴12 mm以外区域就已模糊, 调节激励可使离轴15 mm获得最佳成像, 但其空间分辨率明显不如中心最佳成像时的分辨率。而离轴20 mm以外的最佳成像仅能观测到2 lp/mm条纹板模糊的轮廓, 并且此时近轴区的像质较差, 已不能分辨任何条纹信息。相比之下, 图8双磁透镜成像的离轴空间分辨率变化较为平缓, 离轴9 mm处仍有较好的空间分辨率。调整激励至离轴15 mm处最佳成像时, 近轴区的空间分辨率基本保持不变。此外, 27 mm处最佳成像时, 仍能清楚分辨2 lp/mm的条纹信息。这些与数值模拟的结果一致。由离轴距离与最佳激励的实验数据以及成像条件, 分别根据 (6) 式和(10) 式, 计算两种条件下各离轴点最佳成像位置, 结果如表2所示。绘制双磁透镜成像的弯曲像面如图9所示, 拟合的曲面方程为z=249.013-0.0503(x2+y2)。比较测量值与计算机模拟结果可知, 双磁透镜成像在离轴21 mm以内的偏差在1.6 mm之内; 单磁透镜成像在离轴15 mm处的偏差为1.7 mm。随着离轴距离增加, 其偏差逐渐增大。双磁透镜成像离轴27 mm和单磁透镜成像离轴21 mm的最佳成像位置偏差分别达到2.6 mm 和2.9 mm。离轴较远位置测量偏差较大的主要原因是先前假设成像面形状不随激励的微调而改变, 这只是激励相对改变较小时的合理近似。而对于远轴区来说, 激励的相对改变量已较大, 并且成像点靠近视场边缘也会给最佳激励值的确定带来较大的误差。尽管如此, 从测试结果来看, 该测量方法基本上能够反映场曲的总体轮廓, 因此, 在一定视场范围内的场曲测量结果是可靠的。

图7

Fig. 7

图7 不同励磁电流下的单磁透镜成像测试结果。(a) I=0.344 A; (b) I=0.341 A; (c) I=0.335 AFig. 7 Testing results under different excitation currents for single magnetic lens system. (a) I=0.344 A; (b) I=0.341 A; (c) I=0.335 A

图8

Fig. 8

图8 不同励磁电流下的双磁透镜成像测试结果。(a) I1=0.240 A, I2=0.385 A; (b) I1=0.230 A, I2=0.385 A; (c) I1=0.220 A, I2=0.385 A; (d) I1=0.200 A, I2=0.385 A; (e) I1=0.180 A, I2=0.385 AFig. 8 Testing results under different excitation currents for double magnetic lens system. (a) I1=0.240 A, I2=0.385 A; (b) I1=0.230 A, I2=0.385 A; (c) I1=0.220 A, I2=0.385 A; (d) I1=0.200 A, I2=0.385 A; (e) I1=0.180 A, I2=0.385 A

表2

Table 2

Measurement results of best image positions for off-axis point objects

Table 2表2 离轴各点最佳成像位置的测量结果      Table 2 Measurement results of best image positions for off-axis point objects

表2离轴各点最佳成像位置的测量结果Table 2Measurement results of best image positions for off-axis point objectsImaging systemOff-axis distance /mm(Δs')h /mmBest image position z /mmDouble magnetic lens91.9248.1

Double magnetic lens153.7246.3

Double magnetic lens217.0243.0

Double magnetic lens2710.0240.0

Single magnetic lens155.3244.7

Single magnetic lens2115.9234.1

图9

Fig. 9

图9 双磁透镜成像测试数据拟合的弯曲像面Fig. 9 Curved image surfaces fitted by measuring data for double magnetic lens system

5 关于场曲的校正

从模拟和测试结果可知, 场曲近似与物点离轴距离的二次方成正比, 故大物面像管的场曲通常会比较大。理论上可采用球面光电阴极与球面栅网来减小场曲、像散, 同时采用曲面荧光屏与场曲作适当匹配来进一步减小场曲。这势必加大对像管设计与加工的精度要求, 在技术上实现起来有一定困难。采用场曲校正透镜可在一定程度上减小场曲, 但同时必须注意其可能引入的附加畸变等额外像差[。从实际应用的角度讲, 只需将场曲控制在一定范围内就可以满足需要。本文数值模拟和实验测试结果均表明双磁透镜成像场曲比单磁透镜成像场曲有明显改善。在此基础上, 深入开展多个磁透镜组合成像的研究, 可为进一步减小像管场曲提供新的思路。

6 结论

研制出大面积阴极短磁聚焦分幅变像管, 从透镜成像原理出发, 推导了成像倍率为2∶1时单磁透镜和双磁透镜成像场曲的近似公式, 提出了一种测量像管场曲的方法。同时利用Matlab编程模拟了不同离轴距离物点的最佳成像位置, 并通过实验进行了验证, 探讨了减小像管场曲的方法。数值模拟和实验测试结果表明, 单、双磁透镜下的最佳成像面均为旋转抛物面, 但双磁透镜成像场曲比单磁透镜有明显的改善。下一步工作将进行多个磁透镜组合成像场曲的研究, 并同时开展像差的校正工作。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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... 在此基础上改进磁透镜结构,在电子光学设计中引入一个短磁透镜替代长磁聚焦,研制了短磁聚焦时间展宽分幅像管[11],其时间分辨率达到11 ps,动态空间分辨率优于10 lp/mm(100 μm)[12] ...

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... 在此基础上改进磁透镜结构,在电子光学设计中引入一个短磁透镜替代长磁聚焦,研制了短磁聚焦时间展宽分幅像管[11],其时间分辨率达到11 ps,动态空间分辨率优于10 lp/mm(100 μm)[12] ...

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... 2 像管场曲的理论分析电子束的场曲是由远轴区与近轴区的聚焦能力不同造成的[13] ...

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... 对于短磁透镜,焦距与励磁电流之间近似满足[14] ...

... 当磁透镜缝隙较小时,轴上磁感应强度分布为[14] ...

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... 由此,再根据磁场的幂级数展开式,可得轴外的磁场分布[15] ...

... 光电子发射条件、电子轨迹的分析参照文献[ 15] ...

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1991

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... 采用场曲校正透镜可在一定程度上减小场曲,但同时必须注意其可能引入的附加畸变等额外像差[17] ...