Linux笔记 -- OS

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-14 22:40:34 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-14 22:40:34 发布

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一、系统

1.1 系统启动流程

CentOS6	CentOS7
开机自检（BIOS）	-
MBR引导：读取磁盘存储记录信息，引导系统启动	-
GRUB菜单：系统选择菜单	-
加载内核（kernel）	-
运行INIT进程（用于串行启动其它进程）：系统第一个进程	运行systemd进程（用于并行启动其它进程）
加载系统运行级别	/etc/systemd/system/default.target
执行/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit脚本：设置主机名、IP	/usr/lib/systemd/system/sysinit.target
执行/etc/rc.d/rc脚本：服务运行的脚本	/etc/systemd/system
运行mingetty进程：显示开机登陆信息	-

二、硬件信息

2.1 CPU

查看CPU信息

[root@locahost ~]# lscpu
Architecture:        x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):      32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:          Little Endian
CPU(s):              2
On-line CPU(s) list: 0,1
Thread(s) per core:  1
Core(s) per socket:  1
Socket(s):           2
NUMA node(s):        1
Vendor ID:           GenuineIntel
CPU family:          6
Model:               142
Model name:          Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-10510U CPU @ 1.80GHz
Stepping:            12
CPU MHz:             2304.002
BogoMIPS:            4608.00
Hypervisor vendor:   VMware
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache:           32K
L1i cache:           32K
L2 cache:            256K
L3 cache:            8192K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):   0,1
Flags:               fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid mpx rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec xsaves arat md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities
[root@locahost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
[root@locahost ~]#

查看CPU负载信息

单核CPU负载最好不要超过0.7，多核CPU不要超过N*0.7。

查看计算机的CPU核心数：grep -c ‘model name’ /proc/cpuinfo

[root@locahost ~]# w
 09:55:59 up 46 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
root     pts/0    13.13.1.1        09:52    7.00s  0.02s  0.00s w
[root@locahost ~]# cat /proc/loadavg 
0.00 0.00 0.00 3/219 5443
[root@locahost ~]#

2.2 内存

查看使用情况

[root@locahost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          1.8Gi       264Mi       1.2Gi       8.0Mi       284Mi       1.3Gi
Swap:         2.0Gi          0B       2.0Gi
[root@locahost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
[root@locahost ~]#

增加swap空间

[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          1.8Gi       242Mi       274Mi       8.0Mi       1.3Gi       1.4Gi
Swap:         2.0Gi          0B       2.0Gi
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 5.84122 s, 184 MB/s
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /swap
mkswap: /swap: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1024 MiB (1073737728 bytes)
no label, UUID=a681b34f-2f5c-4547-a83d-702f3bdcf2d3
[root@localhost ~]# chmod 0600 /swap
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /swap
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          1.8Gi       242Mi       274Mi       8.0Mi       1.3Gi       1.4Gi
Swap:         3.0Gi          0B       3.0Gi
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /swap
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          1.8Gi       242Mi       274Mi       8.0Mi       1.3Gi       1.4Gi
Swap:         2.0Gi          0B       2.0Gi
[root@localhost ~]#

禁用swap

[root@localhost ~]# # 临时关闭
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff -a
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          1.8Gi       240Mi       1.3Gi       8.0Mi       256Mi       1.4Gi
Swap:            0B          0B          0B
[root@localhost ~]# # 永久关闭
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/fstab{,.bak}
[root@localhost ~]# sed 's/\(.*swap.*\)/#\1/' /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Sep 26 16:29:04 2020
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=90204c1b-0e93-4936-9b55-ee8f539c6c6a /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
#/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i 's/\(.*swap.*\)/#\1/' /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]#

2.3 磁盘

查看Block使用情况

Block = 磁盘容量

[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs             883M     0  883M   0% /dev
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                901M  8.7M  892M   1% /run
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-root   17G  1.5G   16G   9% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1       976M  142M  767M  16% /boot
tmpfs                181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~]#

查看Inode使用情况

Inode = 可创建文件数

[root@localhost ~]# df -i
Filesystem           Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
devtmpfs             225975   399  225576    1% /dev
tmpfs                230483     1  230482    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                230483   595  229888    1% /run
tmpfs                230483    17  230466    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-root 8910848 32739 8878109    1% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1        65536   309   65227    1% /boot
tmpfs                230483     5  230478    1% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~]#

打印磁盘列表

[root@ansible ~]# lsblk
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0          11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  
nvme0n1     259:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2 259:2    0   19G  0 part 
  ├─cl-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─cl-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
[root@ansible ~]#

2.4 分区

分区表

限额	MBR	GPT
磁盘大小	2TB	18EB
分区数量	4	128+

查看磁盘分区信息

[root@ansible ~]# parted /dev/nvme0n1 print
Model: NVMe Device (nvme)
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  1075MB  1074MB  primary  ext4         boot
 2      1075MB  21.5GB  20.4GB  primary               lvm

[root@ansible ~]#

[root@ansible ~]# fdisk -l /dev/nvme0n1
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xdefe9a7f

Device         Boot   Start      End  Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1 *       2048  2099199  2097152   1G 83 Linux
/dev/nvme0n1p2      2099200 41943039 39843840  19G 8e Linux LVM
[root@ansible ~]#

MBR

查看帮助

[root@ansible ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x55ec1424.

Command (m for help): m

Help:

  DOS (MBR)
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit nested BSD disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

  Generic
   d   delete a partition
   F   list free unpartitioned space
   l   list known partition types
   n   add a new partition
   p   print the partition table
   t   change a partition type
   v   verify the partition table
   i   print information about a partition

  Misc
   m   print this menu
   u   change display/entry units
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

  Script
   I   load disk layout from sfdisk script file
   O   dump disk layout to sfdisk script file

  Save & Exit
   w   write table to disk and exit
   q   quit without saving changes

  Create a new label
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   s   create a new empty Sun partition table


Command (m for help):

新增分区

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): 

Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +1G

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x55ec1424

Device         Boot Start     End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n2p1       2048 2099199 2097152   1G 83 Linux

Command (m for help):

[修改分区类型]

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L

 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden or  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi ea  Rufus alignment
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         eb  BeOS fs        
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ee  GPT            
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f1  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f4  SpeedStor      
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      f2  DOS secondary  
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fb  VMware VMFS    
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fc  VMware VMKCORE 
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fd  Linux raid auto
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bc  Acronis FAT32 L fe  LANstep        
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.


Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

[root@ansible ~]#

通知操作系统分区变化

partprobe - inform the OS of partition table changes

	Alter partition table of disk which is installed OS and which is "not" installed OS

	For first one, you need to run "partprobe" command in order to re-read the partition table 
you have been change.

	For second one, you don't need to run partprobe. Once you written at fdisk utility, you should
able to mount the partition.

[root@ansible ~]# partprobe
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
[root@ansible ~]#

初始化文件系统

[root@ansible ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/nvme0n2p1 
meta-data=/dev/nvme0n2p1         isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@ansible ~]#

[root@ansible ~]# mkdir /mnt/MBR
[root@ansible ~]# mount /dev/nvme0n2p1 /mnt/MBR/
[root@ansible ~]# df -h
Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs             884M     0  884M   0% /dev
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                901M  8.8M  892M   1% /run
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-root   17G  1.9G   16G  11% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1       976M  199M  711M  22% /boot
tmpfs                181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/nvme0n2p1      1014M   40M  975M   4% /mnt/MBR
[root@ansible ~]#

查看设备的UUID

[root@ansible ~]# blkid | grep /dev/nvme0n2p1
/dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="2f6fd688-3363-4e9e-ab3b-252a2a31e406" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="55ec1424-01"
[root@ansible ~]#

设置开机自动挂载

[root@ansible ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab 
UUID=2f6fd688-3363-4e9e-ab3b-252a2a31e406 /mnt/MBR xfs defaults 0 0
[root@ansible ~]# umount /mnt/MBR 
[root@ansible ~]# mount -a
[root@ansible ~]# df -h
Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs             884M     0  884M   0% /dev
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                901M  8.8M  892M   1% /run
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-root   17G  1.9G   16G  11% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1       976M  199M  711M  22% /boot
tmpfs                181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/nvme0n2p1      1014M   40M  975M   4% /mnt/MBR
[root@ansible ~]#

GPT

DISK LABELS
       GPT (GUID Partition Table)
              GPT is modern standard for the layout of the partition table.  GPT uses 64-bit logical block 
              addresses, checksums, UUIDs and names for partitions and an unlimited number of partitions 
              (although the number of partitions is usually restricted to 128 in many partitioning tools).

              Note that the first sector is still reserved for a protective MBR in the GPT specification.  
              It prevents  MBR-only  partitioning  tools  from mis-recognizing and overwriting GPT disks.
              
              GPT is always a better choice than MBR, especially on modern hardware with a UEFI boot loader.

新增一块大于2T的磁盘

[root@ansible ~]# parted /dev/nvme0n3 print
Error: /dev/nvme0n3: unrecognised disk label
Model: NVMe Device (nvme)                                                 
Disk /dev/nvme0n3: 4398GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: unknown
Disk Flags: 
[root@ansible ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n3
....
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
The size of this disk is 4 TiB (4398046511104 bytes). DOS partition table format cannot 
be used on drives for volumes larger than 2199023255040 bytes for 512-byte sectors. Use 
GUID partition table format (GPT).
....

创建分区

Command (m for help): g
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: D88FD3C6-2F6F-EA4B-B12C-CF50FA46F1B7).

Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 
First sector (2048-8589934558, default 2048): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-8589934558, default 8589934558): +3T 

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 3 TiB.

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

[root@ansible ~]#

查看

[root@ansible ~]# fdisk -l /dev/nvme0n3
Disk /dev/nvme0n3: 4 TiB, 4398046511104 bytes, 8589934592 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: D88FD3C6-2F6F-EA4B-B12C-CF50FA46F1B7

Device         Start        End    Sectors Size Type
/dev/nvme0n3p1  2048 6442452991 6442450944   3T Linux filesystem
[root@ansible ~]#

挂载

[root@ansible ~]# partprobe
[root@ansible ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/nvme0n3p1 
meta-data=/dev/nvme0n3p1         isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=201326592 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=805306368, imaxpct=5
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=393216, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@ansible ~]# mkdir /mnt/GPT
[root@ansible ~]# blkid | grep nvme0n3p1
/dev/nvme0n3p1: UUID="433e6bb8-facc-41ed-980f-17ef311f49f1" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="210ad650-1453-874b-a758-a74d3dcd9276"
[root@ansible ~]# echo "UUID=433e6bb8-facc-41ed-980f-17ef311f49f1 /mnt/GPT xfs defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab 
[root@ansible ~]# mount -a
[root@ansible ~]# df -h
Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs             884M     0  884M   0% /dev
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                901M  8.8M  892M   1% /run
tmpfs                901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-root   17G  1.9G   16G  11% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1       976M  199M  711M  22% /boot
tmpfs                181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/nvme0n3p1       3.0T   22G  3.0T   1% /mnt/GPT
[root@ansible ~]#

三、环境信息

3.1 登陆提示

登陆前提示信息

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/issue
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/issue.net 
\S
Kernel \r on an \m

[root@localhost ~]#

登陆后提示信息

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/motd 

[root@localhost ~]#

查看缩写具体含义

[root@localhost ~]# man agetty | sed -n '/^ISSUE FILES/,/^FILES/p'
ISSUE FILES
       The  default issue file is /etc/issue. If the file exists then agetty also checks for /etc/issue.d directory. The directory is optional extension to
       the default issue file and content of the directory is printed after /etc/issue content. If the /etc/issue does not  exist  than  the  directory  is
       ignored.  All  files  with .issue extension from the directory are printed in version-sort order. The directory allow to maintain 3rd-party messages
       independently on the primary system /etc/issue file.

       The default path maybe overridden by --issue-file option. In this case specified path has to be file or directory and the default /etc/issue as well
       as /etc/issue.d are ignored.

       The issue files may contain certain escape codes to display the system name, date, time etcetera.  All escape codes consist of a backslash (\) imme‐
       diately followed by one of the characters listed below.

       4 or 4{interface}
              Insert the IPv4 address of the specified network interface (for example: \4{eth0}).  If the interface argument is not specified, then  select
              the  first fully configured (UP, non-LOCALBACK, RUNNING) interface.  If not any configured interface is found, fall back to the IP address of
              the machine's hostname.

       6 or 6{interface}
              The same as \4 but for IPv6.

       b      Insert the baudrate of the current line.

       d      Insert the current date.

       e or e{name}
              Translate the human-readable name to an escape sequence and insert it (for example: \e{red}Alert text.\e{reset}).  If the  name  argument  is
              not  specified,  then  insert  \033.   The currently supported names are: black, blink, blue, bold, brown, cyan, darkgray, gray, green, half‐
              bright, lightblue, lightcyan, lightgray, lightgreen, lightmagenta, lightred, magenta, red, reset, reverse, and yellow.  All unknown names are
              silently ignored.

       s      Insert the system name (the name of the operating system).  Same as 'uname -s'.  See also the \S escape code.

       S or S{VARIABLE}
              Insert  the VARIABLE data from /etc/os-release.  If this file does not exist then fall back to /usr/lib/os-release.  If the VARIABLE argument
              is not specified, then use PRETTY_NAME from the file or the system name (see \s).  This escape code allows to  keep  /etc/issue  distribution
              and release independent.  Note that \S{ANSI_COLOR} is converted to the real terminal escape sequence.

       l      Insert the name of the current tty line.

       m      Insert the architecture identifier of the machine.  Same as 'uname -m'.

       n      Insert the nodename of the machine, also known as the hostname.  Same as 'uname -n'.

       o      Insert the NIS domainname of the machine.  Same as 'hostname -d'.

       O      Insert the DNS domainname of the machine.

       r      Insert the release number of the OS.  Same as 'uname -r'.

       t      Insert the current time.

       u      Insert the number of current users logged in.

       U      Insert the string "1 user" or "<n> users" where <n> is the number of current users logged in.

       v      Insert the version of the OS, that is, the build-date and such.

       An example.  On my system, the following /etc/issue file:

              This is \n.\o (\s \m \r) \t

       displays as:

              This is thingol.orcan.dk (Linux i386 1.1.9) 18:29:30

FILES
[root@localhost ~]#

3.2 命令行提示

查看

[root@localhost ~]# echo $PS1
[\u@\h \W]\$
[root@localhost ~]#

查看缩写含义

[root@localhost ~]# man bash | grep -A 32 ^PROMPTING
PROMPTING
       When executing interactively, bash displays the primary prompt PS1 when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PS2  when  it  needs
       more  input to complete a command.  Bash displays PS0 after it reads a command but before executing it.  Bash allows these prompt strings to be cus‐
       tomized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
              \a     an ASCII bell character (07)
              \d     the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26")
              \D{format}
                     the format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an empty format results  in  a  locale-specific
                     time representation.  The braces are required
              \e     an ASCII escape character (033)
              \h     the hostname up to the first `.'
              \H     the hostname
              \j     the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
              \l     the basename of the shell's terminal device name
              \n     newline
              \r     carriage return
              \s     the name of the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion following the final slash)
              \t     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
              \T     the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
              \@     the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
              \A     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
              \u     the username of the current user
              \v     the version of bash (e.g., 2.00)
              \V     the release of bash, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
              \w     the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the PROMPT_DIRTRIM variable)
              \W     the basename of the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde
              \!     the history number of this command
              \#     the command number of this command
              \$     if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
              \nnn   the character corresponding to the octal number nnn
              \\     a backslash
              \[     begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt
              \]     end a sequence of non-printing characters
[root@localhost ~]#

3.3 字符集

查看当前字符集

[root@locahost ~]# locale
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NAME="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_ADDRESS="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_ALL=
[root@locahost ~]#

查看可用字符集

[root@locahost ~]# locale -a
C
C.utf8
en_AG
en_AU
en_AU.utf8
en_BW
en_BW.utf8
en_CA
en_CA.utf8
en_DK
en_DK.utf8
en_GB
en_GB.iso885915
en_GB.utf8
en_HK
en_HK.utf8
en_IE
en_IE@euro
en_IE.utf8
en_IL
en_IN
en_NG
en_NZ
en_NZ.utf8
en_PH
en_PH.utf8
en_SC.utf8
en_SG
en_SG.utf8
en_US
en_US.iso885915
en_US.utf8
en_ZA
en_ZA.utf8
en_ZM
en_ZW
en_ZW.utf8
POSIX
[root@locahost ~]#

设置中文字符集

[root@locahost ~]# dnf install glibc-langpack-zh -y
[root@locahost ~]# locale -a | grep zh_CN
zh_CN
zh_CN.gb18030
zh_CN.gbk
zh_CN.utf8
[root@locahost ~]# localectl set-locale LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
[root@locahost ~]#

3.4 时区

查看

[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl
               Local time: Thu 2020-10-15 22:27:24 EDT
           Universal time: Fri 2020-10-16 02:27:24 UTC
                 RTC time: Fri 2020-10-16 02:27:24
                Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes
              NTP service: active
          RTC in local TZ: no
[root@localhost ~]#

查看可用

[root@centos8 ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | grep Asia/Shanghai
Asia/Shanghai
[root@centos8 ~]#

修改

[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl
               Local time: Fri 2020-10-16 10:29:00 CST
           Universal time: Fri 2020-10-16 02:29:00 UTC
                 RTC time: Fri 2020-10-16 02:29:00
                Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
System clock synchronized: yes
              NTP service: active
          RTC in local TZ: no
[root@localhost ~]#

3.5 主机名

localhost.localdomain：主机名.域名，重设后登出登入刷新。

[root@localhost ~]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname centos8
[root@localhost ~]#

3.6 系统运行级别

查看当前

[root@centos8 ~]# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
[root@centos8 ~]#

查看可用

[root@centos8 ~]# ll /lib/systemd/system/runlevel*target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Apr 24 11:53 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target
[root@centos8 ~]#

修改

[root@centos8 ~]# systemctl set-default rescue.target
Removed /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target → /usr/lib/systemd/system/rescue.target.
[root@centos8 ~]# systemctl reboot

在这里插入图片描述

四、进程信息

4.1 管理进程

后台进程

命令	说明
command &	将进程置于后台运行
Ctrl + Z	将进程暂停并置于后台
jobs	查看后台进程
fg %[job-id]	取后台进程到前台运行
bg %[job-id]	后台运行暂停状态的后台进程

查看后台进程

参数	说明
jobs -l	同时列出进程ID
jobs +	最后一个放入后台的进程
jobs -	倒数第二个放入后台的进程

查看进程文件占用

命令	说明
lsof [file]	查看文件被哪个进程占用
kill -HUP `lsof -t [file]`	告知进程释放该文件占用
lsof -p [pid]	查看进程占用的文件
lsof -u [uname \| uid ]	查看用户占用的文件

4.2 {R,E,S}UID

ref：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_identifier

RUID：谁启动了这个进程

EUID：进程是以谁的身份运行的

SUID：进程运行时若发生身份切换，EUID暂存的位置
(swap: suid=euid;euid=ruid => swap-back: euid=suid)

4.3 打印进程

全进程全输出

[root@ansible ~]# ps -ef | head -4
UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root           1       0  0 18:24 ?        00:00:02 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 17
root           2       0  0 18:24 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root           3       2  0 18:24 ?        00:00:00 [rcu_gp]
[root@ansible ~]#

定制输出列

[root@ansible ~]# ps -e -o pid,user,cmd | head -4
    PID USER     CMD
      1 root     /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 17
      2 root     [kthreadd]
      3 root     [rcu_gp]
[root@ansible ~]#

打印属于当前用户的进程

[rayslee@ansible ~]$ ps -x
    PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
   4842 pts/7    S      0:00 -bash
   4867 pts/7    R+     0:00 ps -x
[rayslee@ansible ~]$

打印属于特定用户的进程

[root@ansible ~]# ps -u apache
    PID TTY          TIME CMD
   4539 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4540 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4541 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4542 ?        00:00:00 httpd
[root@ansible ~]#

打印属于特定命令的进程

[root@ansible ~]# ps -C httpd
    PID TTY          TIME CMD
   4538 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4539 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4540 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4541 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4542 ?        00:00:00 httpd
[root@ansible ~]#

打印进程树

[root@ansible ~]# ps -C httpd --forest
    PID TTY          TIME CMD
   4538 ?        00:00:00 httpd
   4539 ?        00:00:00  \_ httpd
   4540 ?        00:00:00  \_ httpd
   4541 ?        00:00:00  \_ httpd
   4542 ?        00:00:00  \_ httpd
[root@ansible ~]#

打印进程的SELinux上下文

[root@ansible ~]# ps -e --context | grep httpd
   4538 system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0    /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
   4539 system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0    /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
   4540 system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0    /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
   4541 system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0    /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
   4542 system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0    /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
   4908 unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 grep --color=auto httpd
[root@ansible ~]#

五、资源信息

5.1 CPU 资源

top

键	说明
c	显示出完整的进程信息
C	按使用率排序

sar

查看系统 CPU 的负载状况，每 1 秒统计一次，统计 3 次。

[root@localhost ~]# sar -u 1 3
Linux 4.18.0-240.el8.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 	01/12/2021 	_x86_64_	(4 CPU)

07:38:02 PM     CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
07:38:03 PM     all      0.00      0.00      0.25      0.00      0.00     99.75
07:38:04 PM     all      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00    100.00
07:38:05 PM     all      0.00      0.00      0.25      0.00      0.00     99.75
Average:        all      0.00      0.00      0.17      0.00      0.00     99.83
[root@localhost ~]#

5.2 内存资源

top

键	说明
M	按使用率排序

sar

查看系统内存使用状况，每 1 秒统计一次，统计 3 次。

[root@localhost ~]# sar -rh 1 3
Linux 4.18.0-240.el8.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 	01/12/2021 	_x86_64_	(4 CPU)

07:41:39 PM kbmemfree   kbavail kbmemused  %memused kbbuffers  kbcached  kbcommit   %commit  kbactive   kbinact   kbdirty
07:41:40 PM    230.3M    477.0M    577.8M     71.5%      3.1M    334.4M    321.1M     11.2%    298.7M    122.6M      0.0k
07:41:41 PM    230.1M    476.9M    577.9M     71.5%      3.1M    334.4M    321.1M     11.2%    298.9M    122.6M      0.0k
07:41:42 PM    230.1M    476.9M    577.9M     71.5%      3.1M    334.4M    321.1M     11.2%    298.9M    122.6M      0.0k
Average:       230.2M    476.9M    577.9M     71.5%      3.1M    334.4M    321.1M     11.2%    298.8M    122.6M      0.0k
[root@localhost ~]#

5.3 磁盘 IO

iostat

[root@localhost ~]# iostat -h
Linux 4.18.0-240.el8.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 	01/12/2021 	_x86_64_	(4 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           2.1%    0.1%    0.9%    0.2%    0.0%   96.8%

      tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn Device
    37.94       766.2k       214.4k     321.9M      90.1M sda
    34.12       668.5k       217.2k     280.8M      91.2M dm-0
     0.23         5.2k         0.0k       2.2M       0.0k dm-1

[root@localhost ~]#

pidstat

[root@localhost ~]# pidstat -d --human
Linux 4.18.0-240.el8.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 	01/12/2021 	_x86_64_	(4 CPU)

07:34:20 PM   UID       PID   kB_rd/s   kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s iodelay  Command
07:34:20 PM     0         1    219.6k     11.8k     96.4B      22  systemd
07:34:20 PM     0       593     51.4B      0.0B      0.0B       5  xfsaild/dm-0
07:34:20 PM     0       691    282.8B      0.0B      0.0B       0  systemd-journal
07:34:20 PM     0       722     23.2k      0.0B      0.0B       2  systemd-udevd
07:34:20 PM     0       847      6.8k    186.4B      0.0B      29  sssd
07:34:20 PM   997       850      2.2k      0.0B      0.0B       0  lsmd
07:34:20 PM     0       851      3.3k      0.0B      0.0B       3  smartd
07:34:20 PM    81       853      2.1k      0.0B      0.0B       7  dbus-daemon
07:34:20 PM     0       855    803.4B      0.0B      0.0B       1  irqbalance
07:34:20 PM     0      1121    694.1B      0.0B      0.0B       0  agetty
07:34:20 PM     0      1165    141.4B      0.0B      0.0B       0  systemd
07:34:20 PM     0      1223    201.5k     54.7k      4.0k       1  bash
[root@localhost ~]#

sar

查看系统磁盘读写情况，每 1 秒统计一次，统计 3 次。

[root@localhost ~]# sar -d 1 3
Linux 4.18.0-240.el8.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 	01/12/2021 	_x86_64_	(4 CPU)

07:37:45 PM       DEV       tps     rkB/s     wkB/s   areq-sz    aqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
07:37:46 PM    dev8-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
07:37:46 PM  dev253-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
07:37:46 PM  dev253-1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00

07:37:46 PM       DEV       tps     rkB/s     wkB/s   areq-sz    aqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
07:37:47 PM    dev8-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
07:37:47 PM  dev253-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
07:37:47 PM  dev253-1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00

07:37:47 PM       DEV       tps     rkB/s     wkB/s   areq-sz    aqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
07:37:48 PM    dev8-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
07:37:48 PM  dev253-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
07:37:48 PM  dev253-1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00

Average:          DEV       tps     rkB/s     wkB/s   areq-sz    aqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
Average:       dev8-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
Average:     dev253-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
Average:     dev253-1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
[root@localhost ~]#

5.4 网络 IO

sar

查看系统网络发送接收情况，每 1 秒统计一次，统计 3 次。

[root@localhost ~]# sar -n DEV 1 3 -h
Linux 4.18.0-240.el8.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 	01/12/2021 	_x86_64_	(4 CPU)

07:45:59 PM   rxpck/s   txpck/s    rxkB/s    txkB/s   rxcmp/s   txcmp/s  rxmcst/s   %ifutil IFACE
07:46:00 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s10
07:46:00 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s9
07:46:00 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s3
07:46:00 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% lo
07:46:00 PM      0.99      0.99     59.4B    176.2B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s8

07:46:00 PM   rxpck/s   txpck/s    rxkB/s    txkB/s   rxcmp/s   txcmp/s  rxmcst/s   %ifutil IFACE
07:46:01 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s10
07:46:01 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s9
07:46:01 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s3
07:46:01 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% lo
07:46:01 PM      1.00      1.00     60.0B    690.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s8

07:46:01 PM   rxpck/s   txpck/s    rxkB/s    txkB/s   rxcmp/s   txcmp/s  rxmcst/s   %ifutil IFACE
07:46:02 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s10
07:46:02 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s9
07:46:02 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s3
07:46:02 PM      0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% lo
07:46:02 PM      2.00      4.00    120.0B    968.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s8

Average:      rxpck/s   txpck/s    rxkB/s    txkB/s   rxcmp/s   txcmp/s  rxmcst/s   %ifutil IFACE
Average:         0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s10
Average:         0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s9
Average:         0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s3
Average:         0.00      0.00      0.0B      0.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% lo
Average:         1.33      1.99     79.7B    610.0B      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.0% enp0s8
[root@localhost ~]#

ifconfig

errors 表示收包错误的总数量；
dropped 表示数据包已经进入了 Ring Buffer，但是由于内存不够等系统原因，导致在拷贝到内存的过程中被丢弃的总数量；
overruns 表示 Ring Buffer 队列中被丢弃的报文数目，由于 Ring Buffer（aka Driver Queue）传输的 IO 大于 kernel 能够处理的 IO 导致；

六、日志信息

6.1 日志轮替

配置文件

[root@master01 ~]# grep -Ev '^$|^#' /etc/logrotate.conf 
weekly
rotate 4
create
dateext
include /etc/logrotate.d
[root@master01 ~]#

配置项	说明
weekly	每周进行一次日志轮替
rotate 4	保留四周（次）的日志
create	轮替后创建新的日志文件
dateext	轮替的日志文件后缀名采用日期格式
include /etc/logrotate.d	该目录下的配置文件同样生效

再举一个例子

[root@ansible ~]# cat /etc/logrotate.d/sssd 
/var/log/sssd/*.log {
    weekly
    missingok
    notifempty
    sharedscripts
    rotate 2
    compress
    delaycompress
    postrotate
        /bin/kill -HUP `cat /var/run/sssd.pid  2>/dev/null`  2> /dev/null || true
    endscript
}
[root@ansible ~]#

配置项	说明
missingok	即便找不到日志文件(`/var/log/sssd/*.log`)也不要报错
notifempty	日志文件为空的话就不要进行轮替了
sharedscripts	脚本只执行一次，不管有几个日志文件
compress	使用gzip对轮替的日志文件进行压缩
delaycompress	推迟到下次日志轮替时再压缩这次轮替的日志文件
postrotate/endscript	日志轮替后要进行的动作

新的日志文件可能并会被应用程序立即识别，使用kill -HUP给它发送个信号吧！

[root@ansible ~]# man sssd | grep 'SIGHUP' -A 2
       SIGHUP
           Tells the SSSD to stop writing to its current debug file descriptors and to close and reopen them. This is meant to facilitate log rolling with
           programs like logrotate.
[root@ansible ~]#

七、定时任务

同步/异步定时任务

对比项	Crond	Anaron
功用	在设定的时刻，执行某项任务，可以精确到分钟。	周期性的执行某项任务（小时、天、周、月）
区别	严格恪守设定时间，运行时机错过即错过	不设想系统一直运行，定时检测周期任务执行状况，择时查漏补缺。
配置文件	`/etc/crontab`、`/etc/cron.d`	`/etc/anacrontab`
交互	每小时执行一次`anacron`命令	将`/etc/cron.{daily, weekly, monthly}`当作周期任务

Crond保障Anacron每小时运行一次

[root@ansible ~]# tail -1 /etc/cron.d/0hourly 
01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
[root@ansible ~]# tail -1 /etc/cron.hourly/0anacron 
/usr/sbin/anacron -s
[root@ansible ~]#

Anacron保障Crond的周期性任务准确执行

[root@ansible ~]# tail -4 /etc/anacrontab 
#period in days   delay in minutes   job-identifier   command
1	5	cron.daily		nice run-parts /etc/cron.daily
7	25	cron.weekly		nice run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
@monthly 45	cron.monthly		nice run-parts /etc/cron.monthly
[root@ansible ~]#

7.1 同步定时任务

格式说明

[root@master01 ~]# cat /etc/crontab 
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root

# For details see man 4 crontabs

# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# |  .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# |  |  .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# |  |  |  .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# |  |  |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# |  |  |  |  |
# *  *  *  *  * user-name  command to be executed

[root@master01 ~]#

做一个小例子

[root@master01 ~]# echo "echo 'Hello World' >> /tmp/test-cron-job.out" > test-cron-job.sh
[root@master01 ~]# chmod +x test-cron-job.sh 
[root@master01 ~]# crontab -e
no crontab for root - using an empty one
crontab: installing new crontab
[root@master01 ~]# crontab -l
* * * * * /root/test-cron-job.sh
[root@master01 ~]# tail -f /tmp/test-cron-job.out 
Hello World
Hello World

符号说明

符号	说明
*	任何
,	多个（0 8,12,16 * * * = 每天8点，12点和16点执行）
-	区段（0 5 * * 1-6 = 周一到周六每早五点整执行）
/	每（/10 * * * = 每隔10分钟执行一次）
@hourly	每小时
@daily	每天
@weekly	每周
@monthly	每月
@yearly	每年

7.2 异步定时任务

[root@master01 ~]# ll -d /etc/cron*ly
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 23 Sep 27 04:29 /etc/cron.daily
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 22 Sep 27 04:29 /etc/cron.hourly
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 May 11  2019 /etc/cron.monthly
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 May 11  2019 /etc/cron.weekly
[root@master01 ~]#

放置于/etc/cron.{hourly, daily, weekly, monthly}中的脚本需可执行且无后缀名。

[root@master01 ~]# ll /etc/cron.hourly/0anacron 
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 575 Nov  9  2019 /etc/cron.hourly/0anacron
[root@master01 ~]#

L小Ray想有腮

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Linux笔记 -- OS

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