oracle 虚构一列,Oracle 11g 虚构列 Virtual Column介绍

Oracle 11G 虚拟列 Virtual Column

Oracle 11G 在表中引入了虚拟列，虚拟列是一个表达式，在运行时计算，不存储在数据库中，不能更新虚拟列的值。

定义一个虚拟列的语法：

column_name [datatype] [GENERATED ALWAYS] AS [expression] [VIRTUAL]

1.虚拟列可以用在select，update，delete语句的where条件中，但是不能用于DML语句

2.可以基于虚拟列来做分区

3. 可以在虚拟列上建索引，oracle的函数索引就类似。

4. 可以在虚拟列上建约束

创建一个带虚拟列的表：

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(

empl_id NUMBER,

empl_nm VARCHAR2(50),

monthly_sal NUMBER(10,2),

bonus NUMBER(10,2),

total_sal NUMBER(10,2) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (monthly_sal*12 + bonus)

);

total_sal就是一个虚拟列

查看下表定义内容：

SELECT column_name, data_type, data_length, data_default, virtual_column

FROM user_tab_cols

WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEE';

COLUMN_NAME | DATA_TYPE | DATA_LENGTH | DATA_DEFAULT | VIRTUAL_COLUMN

EMPL_ID | NUMBER | 22 | null | NO

EMPL_NM | VARCHAR2 | 50 | null | NO

MONTHLY_SAL | NUMBER | 22 | null | NO

BONUS | NUMBER | 22 | null | NO

TOTAL_SAL | NUMBER | 22 | "MONTHLY_SAL"*12+"BONUS" | YES

virtual_column是yes，表示是虚拟列，我们也可以在建表语句加上VIRTUAL，显示声明为虚拟列

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE PURGE;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_empl_total_sal ( p_monthly_sal NUMBER,

p_bonus NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER

DETERMINISTIC

IS

BEGIN

RETURN p_monthly_sal * 12 + p_bonus;

END;

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(empl_id NUMBER,

empl_nm VARCHAR2(50),

monthly_sal NUMBER(10,2),

bonus NUMBER(10,2),

total_sal NUMBER(10,2) AS (get_empl_total_sal(monthly_sal, bonus)) VIRTUAL

);

我们可以在虚拟列上创建索引

CREATE INDEX idx_total_sal ON employee(total_sal);

SELECT index_name, index_type

FROM user_indexes

WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEE';

INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE

IDX_TOTAL_SAL FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL

这个函数也是表定义内容

DROP FUNCTION get_empl_total_sal;

SELECT * FROM employee;

*

Error at line 0

ORA-00904: "schema"."GET_EMPL_TOTAL_SAL": invalid identifier

可以添加一个虚拟列

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE PURGE;

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(empl_id NUMBER,

empl_nm VARCHAR2(50),

monthly_sal NUMBER(10,2),

bonus NUMBER(10,2)

);

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD (total_sal AS (monthly_sal * 12 + bonus));

这个新列的类型时不确定的，是根据表达式来推断的。

INSERT INTO employee (empl_id, empl_nm, monthly_sal, bonus)

WITH DATA AS

(SELECT 100 empl_id, 'AAA' empl_nm, 20000 monthly_sal, 3000 bonus

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 200, 'BBB', 12000, 2000

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 300, 'CCC', 32100, 1000

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 400, 'DDD', 24300, 5000

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 500, 'EEE', 12300, 8000

FROM DUAL)

SELECT *

FROM DATA;

SELECT * FROM employee;

EMPL_ID | EMPL_NM | MONTHLY_SAL | BONUS | TOTAL_SAL

100 | AAA | 20000 | 3000 | 243000

200 | BBB | 12000 | 2000 | 146000

300 | CCC | 32100 | 1000 | 386200

400 | DDD | 24300 | 5000 | 296600

500 | EEE | 12300 | 8000 | 155600

在虚拟列上执行update语句是不允许的

UPDATE employee

SET total_sal = 2000;

ORA-54017: UPDATE operation disallowed on virtual columns

能够从虚拟列上收集表的统计信息

EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(user, 'EMPLOYEE');

SELECT column_name, num_distinct,

display_raw (low_value, data_type) low_value,

display_raw (high_value, data_type) high_value

FROM dba_tab_cols

WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEE';

COLUMN_NAME | NUM_DISTINCT | LOW_VALUE | HIGH_VALUE

TOTAL_SAL | 5 | 146000 | 386200

BONUS | 5 | 1000 | 8000

MONTHLY_SAL | 5 | 12000 | 32100

EMPL_NM | 5 | AAA | EEE

EMPL_ID | 5 | 100 | 500

基于虚拟列的分区

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE PURGE;

CREATE TABLE employee

(empl_id NUMBER,

empl_nm VARCHAR2(50),

monthly_sal NUMBER(10,2),

bonus NUMBER(10,2),

total_sal NUMBER(10,2) AS (monthly_sal*12 + bonus)

)

PARTITION BY RANGE (total_sal)

(PARTITION sal_200000 VALUES LESS THAN (200000),

PARTITION sal_400000 VALUES LESS THAN (400000),

PARTITION sal_600000 VALUES LESS THAN (600000),

PARTITION sal_800000 VALUES LESS THAN (800000),

PARTITION sal_default VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));

INSERT INTO employee (empl_id, empl_nm, monthly_sal, bonus)

WITH DATA AS

(SELECT 100 empl_id, 'AAA' empl_nm, 20000 monthly_sal, 3000 bonus

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 200, 'BBB', 12000, 2000

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 300, 'CCC', 32100, 1000

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 400, 'DDD', 24300, 5000

FROM DUAL

UNION

SELECT 500, 'EEE', 12300, 8000

FROM DUAL)

SELECT *

FROM DATA;

EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(user,'EMPLOYEE',granularity => 'PARTITION');

SELECT table_name, partition_name, num_rows

FROM user_tab_partitions

WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEE'

ORDER BY partition_name;

TABLE_NAME | PARTITION_NAME | NUM_ROWS

EMPLOYEE | SAL_200000 | 2

EMPLOYEE | SAL_400000 | 3

EMPLOYEE | SAL_600000 | 0

EMPLOYEE | SAL_800000 | 0

EMPLOYEE | SAL_DEFAULT | 0

在分区情况下，不能更新虚拟列引用的列

UPDATE employee

SET monthly_sal = 30000

WHERE empl_id = 500;

ORA-14402: updating partition key column would cause a partition change

如果在分区情况能够更新，则需要设置ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT

ALTER TABLE employee ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;

UPDATE employee

SET monthly_sal = 80000

WHERE empl_id = 500;

1 row updated.

不能基于函数表达式的虚拟列上的分区

CREATE TABLE employee_new

(empl_id NUMBER,

empl_nm VARCHAR2(50),

monthly_sal NUMBER(10,2),

bonus NUMBER(10,2),

total_sal NUMBER(10,2) AS (get_empl_total_sal(monthly_sal, bonus))

)

PARTITION BY RANGE (total_sal)

(PARTITION sal_200000 VALUES LESS THAN (200000),

PARTITION sal_400000 VALUES LESS THAN (400000),

PARTITION sal_600000 VALUES LESS THAN (600000),

PARTITION sal_800000 VALUES LESS THAN (800000),

PARTITION sal_default VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));

ORA-54021: Cannot use PL/SQL expressions in partitioning or subpartitioning columns