ThreadLocal的核心思想很简单:为每个独立的线程提供一个变量的副本。
Java提供的synchronized关键字使用了“同步锁”的机制来阻止线程的竞争访问,即“以时间换空间”。: " 10pt; FONT-SIZE:> ThreadLocal则使用了“拷贝副本”的方式,人人有份,你用你的,我用我的,大家互不影响,是“以空间换时间”。每个线程修改变量时,实际上修改的是变量的副本,不怕影响到其它线程。
为了加深对ThreadLocal的理解,下面我使用一个例子来演示ThreadLocal如何隔离线程间的变量访问和修改:
【1】SerialNum类
packageexample.thread.threadLocal;publicclassSerialNum {privatestaticintnextSerialNum=1; @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")privatestaticThreadLocal serialNum=newThreadLocal() {protectedsynchronizedObject initialValue() {returnnewInteger(nextSerialNum++);} };publicstaticintget() {return((Integer) (serialNum.get())).intValue(); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")publicstaticvoidset(Integer newSerial){ serialNum.set(newSerial); }}
【2】GetSerialNumThread
packageexample.thread.threadLocal;publicclassGetSerialNumThreadimplementsRunnable {publicstaticvoidmain(String args[]) { GetSerialNumThread serialNumGetter=newGetSerialNumThread(); Thread t1=newThread(serialNumGetter,"Thread A"); Thread t2=newThread(serialNumGetter,"Thread B"); t1.start();try{ t1.join(); }catch(InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } t2.start(); }publicvoidrun() {intmySerialNum=getSerialNum();System.out.println("线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"获取到的序列号是"+mySerialNum); System.out.println("线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"修改了序列号为"+(mySerialNum*3)); setSerialNum(mySerialNum*3);System.out.println("线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"再次获得的序列号是"+getSerialNum()); }privateintgetSerialNum() {returnSerialNum.get(); }privatevoidsetSerialNum(intnewSerialNum) { SerialNum.set(newInteger(newSerialNum)); }}
运行的结果如下:
线程 Thread A 获取到的序列号是1
线程 Thread A 修改了序列号为3
线程 Thread A 再次获得的序列号是3
线程 Thread B 获取到的序列号是2
线程 Thread B 修改了序列号为6
线程 Thread B 再次获得的序列号是6
可见第一个线程在调用SerialNum.set(int)方法修改static变量时,其实修改的是它自己的副本,而不是修改本地变量,第二个线程在初始化的时候拿到的序列号是2而不是7。
为什么会这样呢?明明serialNum是静态变量啊?其实我们只需要看看ThreadLocal的内部构造就知道了:
A. ThreadLocal的get()方法:
/*** Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this thread-local * variable. Creates and initializes the copy if this is the first time * the thread has called this method. * *@returnthe current thread's value of this thread-local*/publicT get() { Thread t=Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map=getMap(t);if(map!=null)return(T)map.get(this);//Maps are constructed lazily. if the map for this thread//doesn't exist, create it, with this ThreadLocal and its//initial value as its only entry.T value=initialValue(); createMap(t, value);returnvalue; }
B. ThreadLocal的set()方法:
/*** Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable * to the specified value. Many applications will have no need for * this functionality, relying solely on the {@link#initialValue} * method to set the values of thread-locals. * *@paramvalue the value to be stored in the current threads' copy of * this thread-local.*/publicvoidset(T value) { Thread t=Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map=getMap(t);if(map!=null) map.set(this, value);elsecreateMap(t, value); }
可以看到ThreadLocal在内部维护了一个Map,将变量的值和线程绑定起来,get/set方法都是对该线程对应的value进行操作,所以不会影响到其它线程。
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