新建表student(学生表) 、course(课程表)、teacher(教师表)、score(成绩表)
CREATE TABLE student
(
id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ,//自增
name nvarchar(32),
age int,
sex nvarchar(8),
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)//主键
) ;
CREATE TABLE course
(
id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ,
name nvarchar(32),
teacherId int ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
CREATE TABLE teacher
(
id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ,
name nvarchar(16) ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
CREATE TABLE score
(
id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ,
studentId int,
courseId int ,
score int ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
)
查看当前数据库中的表,SHOW TABLES;
插入数据
INSERT INTO (, , , …)VALUES (, , , …);
INSERT INTO student(name,age,sex) VALUES ("刘一",18,"男"),("蔡二",19,"女"),("张三",20,"男"),("李四",17,"女"),("王五",21,"男"),("赵六",22,"女");
INSERT INTO teacher(name) VALUES("叶平"),("贺高"),("杨艳"),("周磊");
INSERT INTO course(name,teacherId) VALUES ("语文",1),("数学",2),("英语",3),("物理",4);
INSERT INTO score(studentId,courseId,score) VALUES (1,1,56),(1,2,78),(1,3,67),(1,4,58),(2,1,79),(2,2,81),(2,3,92),(2,4,68),(3,1,91),(3,2,47),(3,3,88),
(3,4,56),(4,2,88),(4,3,90),(4,4,93),(5,1,46),(5,3,78),(5,4,53),(6,1,35),(6,2,68),(6,4,71)
更新数据
UPDATE SET = , = , ...WHERE ;
清空表
DELETE FROM WHERE ;
删除表
DROP TABLE ;
实战中学习
查询课程1比课程2成绩高的所有学生的学号;
SELECT s1.studentId FROM (SELECT studentId,score from score WHERE courseId = 1) s1,
(SELECT studentId,score from score WHERE courseId = 2) s2
WHERE s1.score>s2.score and s1.studentId = s2.studentId
查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩
SELECT studentId,AVG(score) FROM score GROUP BY studentId HAVING AVG(score)>60
GROUP BY语句可以分组结果,常用于COUNT、MAX、MIN、SUM、AVG等聚合函数(aggregate functions)
WHERE和HAVING的区别
“Where” 是一个约束声明,使用Where来约束来之数据库的数据,Where是在结果返回之前起作用的,且Where中不能使用聚合函数。
“Having”是一个过滤声明,是在查询返回结果集以后对查询结果进行的过滤操作,在Having中可以使用聚合函数。
查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
SELECT student.id,name,COUNT(score.courseId),SUM(score) FROM
student LEFT JOIN score
on student.id = score.studentId
GROUP BY student.id;
三种连接方式LEFT JOIN、RIGHT JOIN、INNER JOIN
A left join B的连接的记录数与A表的记录数同
A right join B的连接的记录数与B表的记录数同
查询姓“李”的老师的个数;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(name)) FROM teacher WHERE name like "李%"
DISTINCT过滤掉了重复的值
查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名;
SELECT id,name FROM student WHERE id not in (
SELECT DISTINCT(score.studentId) FROM score,course,teacher WHERE
teacher.`name` = "叶平" and teacher.id = course.teacherId and score.courseId = course.id)
逻辑思路:先查询出叶平老师的数据,根据id拿到对应的课程id,在根据课程学生关系表得到学过叶平老师的所有student.id,在用not in进行筛选
查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名;
SELECT st.id,st.name FROM student st,score s WHERE s.courseId = 1 and st.id = s.studentId and
EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM score s1 WHERE s1.courseId =2 and s1.studentId = s.studentId)
执行顺序:SELECT st.id,st.name FROM student st,score s WHERE s.courseId = 1 and st.id = s.studentId
再执行EXISTS后面的语句
如果成立则返回true,不成立则返回false。如果返回的是true的话,则该行结果保留,如果返回的是false的话,则删除该行,最后将得到的结果返回。
查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
select id,name from student
where id in (
select score.studentId from score ,course ,teacher where score.courseId=course.id and
teacher.id=course.teacherId and teacher.name='叶平'
group by
score.studentId having count(score.courseId)
=
(select count(course.id) from course,teacher where teacher.id=course.teacherId and teacher.name='叶平'));
思路逻辑:和第5类似,使用group by根据studentId进行分组
按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“语文”、“数学”、“英语”三门的课程成绩,按如下形式显示: 学生ID,,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分
SELECT studentId as 学生ID
,(SELECT score FROM score WHERE score.id=s.id AND score.courseId='001') AS 语文
,(SELECT score FROM score WHERE score.id=s.id AND score.courseId='002') AS 数学
,(SELECT score FROM score WHERE score.id=s.id AND score.courseId='003') AS 英语
,COUNT(*) AS 有效课程数, AVG(s.score) AS 平均成绩
FROM score AS s
GROUP BY studentId
ORDER BY avg(-s.score)
性能优化
当只要一行数据时使用limit 1
使用limit 1,Mysql数据库引擎找到一条结果就会停止搜索,而不需要继续查询下一条是否符合标准直到所有记录查询完毕
选择正确的数据库引擎
Mysql有两个引擎,MyISAM和InnoDB,较常用InnoDB
MyISAM,适用一些大量的查询,对大量的写不是很友好,甚至update一个字段都会把整个表锁起来,可是对select count(*)这类的操作非常快
用not exists 代替 not in
not exists用到了连接,能够发挥已经建好索引的作用,not in 不能使用索引。not in是最慢的方式,要同每一条记录比较,在数据量大的操作不建议使用。
事务
未待续