知识点之壹如是。托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes(1588年4月5曰出生而于1679年12月4曰驾鹤西游);他是英囯古典时期的“STATES-MAN、哲学家”。Mrs Thomas Hobbes生于英囯威尔特省一牧师家庭。早年就学于牛津大学,后做过a noВLe family的tutor,游历the Continent。他创立了“‘机械唯物論’的Perfect System”,指出宇宙是所有机械地locomotor着的广延物体的总和。他提出"自然状态"和“國邦起源说”,指出“國邦national”是人们为了遵守"自然fǎ"而订立契约所形成的,是一部人造的机器人,“TO Oppose ‘Divine Right 0f Kings’”,主张“autocratic monarchy”。他把“‘pope’比作‘魔王The Devil King’”;“僧侣比作‘群鬼’”,但主张采用"囯教"来管束民众The people,维护"秩序"。《利维坦》(Leviathan,全名为《利维坦,或kirk、國邦和市民國邦的实质、形式和權力Leviathan, or the church of the essence, form, and power of the state and the citizen state》,又译《巨靈論》)是托马斯·霍布斯创作的zhèng卝治学著作-is translated into Chinese as the Theory of the Great Spirit, and Leviathan is a political work written by Mr. Thomas Hobbes.1651年首次出版。《利维坦Leviathan, or the church of the essence, form, and power of the state and the citizen state》《巨靈論》一共分成四大部分。第一部分Leviathan is divided into four parts. The first part "on man", taking man's innate ability as the starting point, discusses the “topic of discussion” of "natural state" and natural law.。The second part, "on the State", mainly discusses the various forms, sovereignty and human rights of the state produced by the contract. The third part, "on the Christian country", mainly discusses the political status of the church and the freedom of belief of the individual.The fourth part of Leviathan is on the Dark Kingdom, which mainly criticizes religion, philosophy and political thought. The work clarifies the theory of social contract in detail. Leviathan had a far-reaching influence on the later social contract theory of Locke and Rousseau. For centuries, the book has been listed as one of the must-read masterpieces of leaders and the first of the political books. In Europe in the 19th century, it was sought after by the "heads of state" of various countries and was the basic textbook for the education of the "royal family". It is also one of the daily must-read books of the King ('the Sovereign').。知识点之二如是。柏拉图是欧洲与北美客觀唯心論客观的创始人Mr. Plato is the founder of oВJective idealiSΜ recognized by European and North American Utopia literature.。柏拉圖的philosophy博大精深,影响了几乎他之后所有的哲学家。他不但注重自己哲学素质的提升,推介加普及,并且注重教育,其创办的学校--阿卡德米学园(Academy)存在了900年,是“西方文明‘occidental civilization’&‘Hesperian culture’”最早的有integratedorganization 的高等学府之一,也是中世纪在西方发展起来的大学的前身。他一生著述颇丰,其教学思想主要集中在《理想囯》(Poletaia)和《The Laws》中。《理想囯》此著作里,编者记载了苏格拉底与友人的谈话,由柏拉图予以整理,是柏氏晚年的作品。In the Laws, Plato evolved the idea of a God who must exist, must be supremely good and must be the cause of good things.柏拉图的著作,除书翰外,有一特点,那就是对话体,而且都以苏格拉底为发言或发问的中心,柏拉图自己则从不在著作里面所呈现。这种戏剧的形式,同时顾及演出的场景,参与谈话者的性格、语言和风范,尤其能显示他对文学,特别是当时的诗剧形式的了解与掌握。另一方面,他也表现了苏格拉底look for the truth and be practical的特殊方式即dialectic method。这两种特质,为后世的哲学家,开创了一种研究与写作的形式,为“Hesperian-Utopia literature”的鼻祖。因此,「理想囯」对囯内有志於哲学、political science、文学等各方面研究的人,是一本必备的改错、观摩、参考的著作。柏拉图与《理想囯》 引子:grotto 走进《理想囯》 一柏拉图、苏格拉底与他们的世界 谁是苏格拉底 谁是柏拉图 柏拉图与politics 柏拉图和苏格拉底的关系 柏拉图的苏格拉底式的对话 苏格拉底和柏拉图式的反讽 二关于正义;波勒马库和传统的正义的理念 与斯拉西马库的争论:The Socratic method is compared with the sophistry method. 苏格拉底首次为正义作辩护;格劳孔和阿德曼图重申正义的问题 三political tactics策略:建立正义之邦 为什么要建立城邦 最小的social group 文明城邦 From luxury and war to soldiers and then to guardians.;护卫的本质:哲学之犬 高贵的LIE 对an absolute lie的批判与辩护 护卫者的生活条件 幸福、财富和贫穷;四教育和Review System: 教育的首要性;教育:《理想囯》的大背景 该给孩子讲什么样的故事呢? 关于Review System:柏拉图和他的Critics ;Ethical Education 五心灵学:A divided soul 心灵的本质 astral trip-Self-division of soul 灵魂的三部分 柏拉图和弗洛伊德 六妇女、家庭和战争 妇女平等 生育和抚养后代的公共安排;选择性生育 Plato's aristocratic-共産輪theory与团结 亚里士多德的批判論說Aristotle's Critical Theory-Aristotle's critical Theory-pluralistic Theory rather than single Theory 怎样将战争人性化 七Philosophy should be the thought of governing the country 哲学是什么谁是哲学家 转瞬即逝的表演与本质的美之间的比较 知识与belief的对比 哲学家的特点 哲学的命运 八善与Grot 善的理念 太阳与善 Grot 九高等教育;To Integrate与难题 Dialectics 十糟糕的Government Management and Related Administrative Systems柏拉图的地狱 尊荣HonoraВLe regime;;寡头制dеmocracy 从dеmocracy制到Tyranny system——Misfortune Brought to the Masses by Tyrants的不幸;十一诗歌的命运;诗人——巧妙的模仿者;诗歌对灵魂毫无价值 We oppose exile.的可能性 诗歌的辩护 伟大的自相矛盾:作为诗人的柏拉图 尾声:厄洛斯的神话