java实现非对称加密算法

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前言

常用的RSA算法即为非对称加密算法。本文主要介绍什么是非对称加密以及java如何实现RSA加密与解密

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一、什么是非对称密码体制

非对称密码体制的保密通信模型如下图

非对称密码体制有两个密钥，一个为公开的密钥（公钥），一个保密的密钥（私钥）。非对称密码体制的主要优点是可以适应开放性的使用环境，密钥管理问题相对简单，可以方便安全地实现数字签名和验证。RSA是非对称密码体制的典范。

二、非对称加密算法家谱

三、java实现RSA加密解密

1.通信模型

2.实现

sun实现与Bouncy Castle实现细节如下

算法	密钥长度	密钥长度默认值	工作模式	填充方式	备注
RSA	512~6553 (必须是64的倍数)	1024	ECB	NoPadding、PKCS1Padding OAEPWITHMD5AndMGF1Padding OAEPWITHSHA1AndMGF1Padding OAEPWITHSHA256AndMGF1Padding等	jdk实现
RSA	同上	2048	NONE	同上	Bouncy Castle实现

public class RSAUtil {
    private static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";

    private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";

    private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";

    private static final int KEY_SIZE = 512;

    /**
     * 初始化密钥
     *
     * @return map
     * @throws Exception Exception
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
        // 实例化密钥对生成器
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        // 初始化密钥对生成器
        keyPairGen.initialize(KEY_SIZE);
        // 生成密钥对
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
        // 公钥
        RSAPublicKey pubKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
        // 私钥
        RSAPrivateKey priKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<>();
        keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, pubKey);
        keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, priKey);
        return keyMap;
    }

    /**
     * 获取私钥
     *
     * @param keyMap keyMap
     * @return 私钥
     */
    public static byte[] getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) {
        return ((Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY)).getEncoded();
    }

    /**
     * 获取公钥
     *
     * @param keyMap keyMap
     * @return 公钥
     */
    public static byte[] getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) {
        return ((Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY)).getEncoded();
    }

    /**
     * 私钥解密
     *
     * @param data 加密数据
     * @param key  密钥
     * @return 明文
     * @throws Exception Exception
     */
    public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, byte[] key) throws Exception {
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(key);
        KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        PrivateKey privateKey = factory.generatePrivate(keySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(factory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
        return cipher.doFinal(data);
    }

    /**
     * 公钥解密
     *
     * @param data 加密数据
     * @param key  密钥
     * @return 明文
     * @throws Exception Exception
     */
    public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, byte[] key) throws Exception {
        X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(key);
        KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        PublicKey publicKey = factory.generatePublic(keySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(factory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
        return cipher.doFinal(data);
    }

    /**
     * 公钥加密
     *
     * @param data 明文
     * @param key  密钥
     * @return 明文
     * @throws Exception Exception
     */
    public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, byte[] key) throws Exception {
        X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(key);
        KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        PublicKey publicKey = factory.generatePublic(keySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(factory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
        return cipher.doFinal(data);
    }

    /**
     * 私钥加密
     *
     * @param data 明文
     * @param key  密钥
     * @return 密文
     * @throws Exception Exception
     */
    public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, byte[] key) throws Exception {
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(key);
        KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        PrivateKey privateKey = factory.generatePrivate(keySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(factory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
        return cipher.doFinal(data);
    }
}

3.测试

public class RSACoderTest {
    private byte[] publicKey;
    private byte[] privateKey;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        RSACoderTest coderTest = new RSACoderTest();
        coderTest.init();
        System.out.println("=========私钥加密，公钥解密begin=============");
        String plainTxt = "helloWorld";
        byte[] encryptData = RSAUtil.encryptByPrivateKey(plainTxt.getBytes(), coderTest.privateKey);
        System.out.println("加密后：" + Base64.encodeBase64String(encryptData));
        byte[] decryptData = RSAUtil.decryptByPublicKey(encryptData, coderTest.publicKey);
        System.out.println("解密后：" + new String(decryptData));
        System.out.println("=========私钥加密，公钥解密end=============");
        System.out.println("=========公钥加密，私钥钥解密begin=============");
        plainTxt = "worldHello";
        encryptData = RSAUtil.encryptByPublicKey(plainTxt.getBytes(), coderTest.publicKey);
        System.out.println("加密后：" + Base64.encodeBase64String(encryptData));
        decryptData = RSAUtil.decryptByPrivateKey(encryptData, coderTest.privateKey);
        System.out.println("解密后：" + new String(decryptData));
        System.out.println("=========公钥加密，私钥钥解密end=============");
    }

    private void init() throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSAUtil.initKey();
        publicKey = RSAUtil.getPublicKey(keyMap);
        privateKey = RSAUtil.getPrivateKey(keyMap);
        System.out.println("公钥：" + Base64.encodeBase64String(publicKey));
        System.out.println("私钥：" + Base64.encodeBase64String(privateKey));
    }
}

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总结

目前，非对称加密算法（主要是RSA算法）主要应用于B2B等多种电子商务平台，但非对称加密算法并不直接对网络数据进行加密解密，而是用于交换对称加密算法的秘密密钥。最终使用对称加密算法进行真正的加密解密。