3.1 Matplotlib简介及图表窗口
Matplotlib → 一个python版的matlab绘图接口,以2D为主,支持python、numpy、pandas基本数据结构,运营高效且有较丰富的图表库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 图表窗口1 → plt.show()
plt.plot(np.random.rand(10))
plt.show()
# 直接生成图表
# 图表窗口2 → 魔法函数,嵌入图表
% matplotlib inline
x = np.random.randn(1000)
y = np.random.randn(1000)
plt.scatter(x,y)
# 直接嵌入图表,不用plt.show()
# <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at ...> 代表该图表对象
<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7fadfe6ec748>
# 图表窗口3 → 魔法函数,弹出可交互的matplotlib窗口
% matplotlib notebook
s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(100))
s.plot(style = 'k--o',figsize=(10,5))
# 可交互的matplotlib窗口,不用plt.show()
# 可做一定调整
<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fadfda55a58>
# 图表窗口4 → 魔法函数,弹出matplotlib控制台
% matplotlib qt5
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(50,2),columns=['A','B'])
df.hist(figsize=(12,5),color='g',alpha=0.8)
# 可交互性控制台
# 如果已经设置了显示方式(比如notebook),需要重启然后再运行魔法函数
# 网页嵌入的交互性窗口 和 控制台,只能显示一个
#plt.close()
# 关闭窗口
#plt.gcf().clear()
# 每次清空图表内内容
Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: qt5. Using notebook instead.
<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>
array([[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x7fadfdb09080>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x7fadfdaf3898>]],
dtype=object)
3.2 图表的基本元素
图表内基本参数设置
# 图名,图例,轴标签,轴边界,轴刻度,轴刻度标签等
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10,2),columns=['A','B'])
fig = df.plot(figsize=(6,4))
# figsize:创建图表窗口,设置窗口大小
# 创建图表对象,并赋值与fig
plt.title('Interesting Graph - Check it out') # 图名
plt.xlabel('Plot Number') # x轴标签
plt.ylabel('Important var') # y轴标签
plt.legend(loc = 'upper right')
# 显示图例,loc表示位置
# 'best' : 0, (only implemented for axes legends)(自适应方式)
# 'upper right' : 1,
# 'upper left' : 2,
# 'lower left' : 3,
# 'lower right' : 4,
# 'right' : 5,
# 'center left' : 6,
# 'center right' : 7,
# 'lower center' : 8,
# 'upper center' : 9,
# 'center' : 10,
plt.xlim([0,12]) # x轴边界
plt.ylim([0,1.5]) # y轴边界
plt.xticks(range(10)) # 设置x刻度
plt.yticks([0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2]) # 设置y刻度
fig.set_xticklabels("%.1f" %i for i in range(10)) # x轴刻度标签
fig.set_yticklabels("%.2f" %i for i in [0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2]) # y轴刻度标签
# 范围只限定图表的长度,刻度则是决定显示的标尺 → 这里x轴范围是0-12,但刻度只是0-9,刻度标签使得其显示1位小数
# 轴标签则是显示刻度的标签
print(fig,type(fig))
# 查看表格本身的显示方式,以及类别
<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>
AxesSubplot(0.125,0.125;0.775x0.755) <class 'matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot'>
# 其他元素可视性
x = np.linspace(-np.pi,np.pi,256,endpoint = True)
c, s = np.cos(x), np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, c)
plt.plot(x, s)
# 通过ndarry创建图表
plt.grid(True, linestyle = "--",color = "gray", linewidth = "0.5",axis = 'x')
# 显示网格
# linestyle:线型
# color:颜色
# linewidth:宽度
# axis:x,y,both,显示x/y/两者的格网
plt.tick_params(bottom='on',top='off',left='on',right='off')
# 刻度显示
import matplotlib
matplotlib.rcParams['xtick.direction'] = 'out'
matplotlib.rcParams['ytick.direction'] = 'inout'
# 设置刻度的方向,in,out,inout
# 这里需要导入matploltib,而不仅仅导入matplotlib.pyplot
frame = plt.gca()
#plt.axis('off')
# 关闭坐标轴
#frame.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
#frame.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
# x/y 轴不可见
3.3 图表的样式参数
linestyle、style、color、marker
# linestyle参数
plt.plot([i**2 for i in range(100)],
linestyle = '-.')
# '-' solid line style
# '--' dashed line style
# '-.' dash-dot line style
# ':' dotted line style
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fadfe3f8b00>]
# marker参数
s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(100).cumsum())
s.plot(linestyle = '--',
marker = '.')
# '.' point marker
# ',' pixel marker
# 'o' circle marker
# 'v' triangle_down marker
# '^' triangle_up marker
# '<' triangle_left marker
# '>' triangle_right marker
# '1' tri_down marker
# '2' tri_up marker
# '3' tri_left marker
# '4' tri_right marker
# 's' square marker
# 'p' pentagon marker
# '*' star marker
# 'h' hexagon1 marker
# 'H' hexagon2 marker
# '+' plus marker
# 'x' x marker
# 'D' diamond marker
# 'd' thin_diamond marker
# '|' vline marker
# '_' hline marker
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fadfe38fba8>
# color参数
plt.hist(np.random.randn(100),
color = 'g',alpha = 0.8)
# alpha:0-1,透明度
# 常用颜色简写:red-r, green-g, black-k, blue-b, yellow-y
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4),columns=list('ABCD'))
df = df.cumsum()
df.plot(style = '--.',alpha = 0.8,colormap = 'GnBu')
# colormap:颜色板,包括:
# Accent, Accent_r, Blues, Blues_r, BrBG, BrBG_r, BuGn, BuGn_r, BuPu, BuPu_r, CMRmap, CMRmap_r, Dark2, Dark2_r, GnBu, GnBu_r, Greens, Greens_r,
# Greys, Greys_r, OrRd, OrRd_r, Oranges, Oranges_r, PRGn, PRGn_r, Paired, Paired_r, Pastel1, Pastel1_r, Pastel2, Pastel2_r, PiYG, PiYG_r,
# PuBu, PuBuGn, PuBuGn_r, PuBu_r, PuOr, PuOr_r, PuRd, PuRd_r, Purples, Purples_r, RdBu, RdBu_r, RdGy, RdGy_r, RdPu, RdPu_r, RdYlBu, RdYlBu_r,
# RdYlGn, RdYlGn_r, Reds, Reds_r, Set1, Set1_r, Set2, Set2_r, Set3, Set3_r, Spectral, Spectral_r, Wistia, Wistia_r, YlGn, YlGnBu, YlGnBu_r,
# YlGn_r, YlOrBr, YlOrBr_r, YlOrRd, YlOrRd_r, afmhot, afmhot_r, autumn, autumn_r, binary, binary_r, bone, bone_r, brg, brg_r, bwr, bwr_r,
# cool, cool_r, coolwarm, coolwarm_r, copper, copper_r, cubehelix, cubehelix_r, flag, flag_r, gist_earth, gist_earth_r, gist_gray, gist_gray_r,
# gist_heat, gist_heat_r, gist_ncar, gist_ncar_r, gist_rainbow, gist_rainbow_r, gist_stern, gist_stern_r, gist_yarg, gist_yarg_r, gnuplot,
# gnuplot2, gnuplot2_r, gnuplot_r, gray, gray_r, hot, hot_r, hsv, hsv_r, inferno, inferno_r, jet, jet_r, magma, magma_r, nipy_spectral,
# nipy_spectral_r, ocean, ocean_r, pink, pink_r, plasma, plasma_r, prism, prism_r, rainbow, rainbow_r, seismic, seismic_r, spectral,
# spectral_r ,spring, spring_r, summer, summer_r, terrain, terrain_r, viridis, viridis_r, winter, winter_r
# 其他参数见“颜色参数.docx”
<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fadfe373c88>
# style参数,可以包含linestyle,marker,color
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000).cumsum(), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
ts.plot(style = '--g.',grid = True)
# style → 风格字符串,这里包括了linestyle(-),marker(.),color(g)
# plot()内也有grid参数
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f3601e96400>
# 整体风格样式
import matplotlib.style as psl
print(plt.style.available)
# 查看样式列表
psl.use('ggplot')
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000).cumsum(), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
ts.plot(style = '--g.',grid = True,figsize=(10,6))
# 一旦选用样式后,所有图表都会有样式,重启后才能关掉
课程3.4 刻度、注解、图表输出
主刻度、次刻度
# 刻度
from matplotlib.ticker import MultipleLocator, FormatStrFormatter
t = np.arange(0.0, 100.0, 1)
s = np.sin(0.1*np.pi*t)*np.exp(-t*0.01)
ax = plt.subplot(111) #注意:一般都在ax中设置,不再plot中设置
plt.plot(t,s,'--*')
plt.grid(True, linestyle = "--",color = "gray", linewidth = "0.5",axis = 'both')
# 网格
#plt.legend() # 图例
xmajorLocator = MultipleLocator(10) # 将x主刻度标签设置为10的倍数
xmajorFormatter = FormatStrFormatter('%.0f') # 设置x轴标签文本的格式
xminorLocator = MultipleLocator(5) # 将x轴次刻度标签设置为5的倍数
ymajorLocator = MultipleLocator(0.5) # 将y轴主刻度标签设置为0.5的倍数
ymajorFormatter = FormatStrFormatter('%.1f') # 设置y轴标签文本的格式
yminorLocator = MultipleLocator(0.1) # 将此y轴次刻度标签设置为0.1的倍数
ax