ThreadLocal解决单个线程内部的变量共享的问题

首先看一下官方文档的说明

This class provides thread-local variables. These variables differ from their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized copy of the variable. {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,a user ID or Transaction ID).

简单总结一下： ThreadLocal的作用是提供线程内的局部变量，这种变量在线程的生命周期内起作用，减少同一个线程内多个函数或者组件之间一些公共变量的传递的复杂度。并不是解决多线程问题的，而是解决单个线程内部的变量共享的问题，

关键方法和代码如下：

public class ThreadLocal<T> {
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }
    
    private T setInitialValue() {
        T value = initialValue();
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
        return value;
    }
    
    //每个Thread维护一个ThreadLocalMap映射表，这个映射表的key是ThreadLocal实例本身，value是真正需要存储的Object。
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }
    
    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }
    
    //内部类ThreadLocalMap是以ThreadLocal作为key来保存对象的
    static class ThreadLocalMap {
    
        static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
            /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
            Object value;

            Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
                super(k);
                value = v;
            }
        }
    }
}

也可以简单看下Thread类里面和ThreadLocal的关系

class Thread implements Runnable {
    /* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
     * by the ThreadLocal class. */
    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
}

调用关系链如下

ThreadLocal Ref -> Thread -> ThreaLocalMap -> Entry -> value

ThreadLocal是通过内部类ThreadLocalMap和Thread相关联起来的，主要的目的是线程内部变量共享