【新书推荐】【2021】微波与雷达工程手册

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Table of contents :
Foreword
Introduction
The First Chapter Theoretical Basics of Radiolocation´´ The Second ChapterSpecific Features of Designing Digital Processing Systems for Radiolocation Systems Based on Microprocess…
The Third Chapter Ground Penetrating Radars´´ (Ground Penetrating Radars) The Fourth ChapterAntennas and Antenna Devices for Radar Location and Radio Communication´´
The Fifth Chapter Features of Organizing the Process of Designing Radar Microcircuits´´ The Sixth ChapterPower Electronics Devices Based on Wide-Gap Semiconductors´´
The Seventh Chapter Vacuum Electronics´´ The Eighth ChapterSemiconductor SHF Devices for Radar Sets´´
The Ninth Chapter HF and SHF Components for Radar Sets´´ The Tenth ChapterMethods and Means of Ensuring Reliability of Radar and Communication Systems´´
The Eleventh Chapter Radiophotonics in Telecommunication and Radar Location Systems´´ The Twelfth ChapterMeasurement of Electrophysical Parameters of Dielectric and Semiconductor Materials and Structures of Mi…
The Last Chapter ``Radiation Stability of SHF Devices´´

Contents
Chapter 1: Theoretical Basics of Radiolocation
1.1 Physical Basics of Radiolocation
1.2 Basic Tactical and Technical Parameters of Radars
1.3 Classification of Radar Devices and Systems
1.4 Comparative Analysis of Effective Areas of Passive Range-Difference Systems of Detection of Radio Frequency Sources
1.4.1 Passive Range-Difference System of RFS Detection with Minimization of Observation Interval in Terms of Travel Difference
1.4.2 Comparative Analysis of Spatial and Energy Characteristics of Various Implementations of Frequency-Difference Cross-Corr…
1.5 Features of Application of Millimeter and Sub-millimeter Waves
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 Development of Technology of Millimeter and Sub-millimeter Waves
1.5.3 Fields of Application of Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves in Science and Technology and Main Directions of Developments
1.5.4 Transmission Lines of Millimeter and Sub-millimeter Waves
1.6 Main Principles of Building Software Complexes for Simulation of Radiolocation Signals
1.6.1 Typical Composition of a Software Complex for Modeling of Radiolocation Signals
1.6.2 Features of Implementation of the Construction Set of Radiolocation Objects
1.6.3 Features of Setting Spatial Configuration of the Object
1.6.4 Calculation of HT Projections to the Line of Sight
1.7 Increasing Noise Immunity of the Radar Using Automatic Compensators of Perturbing Radiators
1.7.1 Principle of Coherent Compensation of Active Noise Interferences
1.7.2 Features of Technical Implementation of the Design of Automatic Compensator of Perturbing Radiations
1.7.3 Assessment of Efficiency of Active Noise Interference Suppression
1.7.3.1 Effect of the End Radius of Spatial Field Correlation
1.7.3.2 Effect of Intrinsic Noises of Receiving Channels
1.7.3.3 Effect of Delay of Received Signals
1.7.3.4 Effect of Non-linear Distortions
1.7.3.5 Effect of Mismatch of Frequency Channel Characteristics
1.7.3.6 Effect of Self-tuning Errors
References
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Features of Designing Digital Processing Systems for Radiolocation Systems Based on Microprocessor VLSI Sets
2.1 Features of Designing DSP Systems
2.2 Effect of Microelectronic Technologies on the Structure of Computing Systems of Radars
2.3 DSP Algorithms and Methods of Their Implementation
2.3.1 Primary and Secondary Signal Processing
2.3.2 Hierarchy of DSP Tasks and Operations
2.3.3 Typical DSP Procedures and Hardware Structures
2.4 General Questions of Building Microelectronic Element Base for DSP Systems
2.5 Certain Practical Aspects of Designing Microprocessor Sets for Radars
2.6 Features of Implementing the Algorithm of Synthesis of Linear Antenna Arrays with Required Directivity Pattern and Integer…
References
Chapter 3: Ground Penetrating Radars
3.1 Design Features of Ground Penetrating Radars
3.1.1 Traditional Procedures of Formation and Interpretation of Radio Images
3.2 Radar Stations of Earth Remote Probing
3.2.1 ERS (European Remote Sensing Satellite) System
3.2.2 Space ERS Vehicle ENVISAT-1
3.2.3 ERS-1 (Japan Earth Resources Satellite; Japanese Name - Fuyo-1)
3.2.4 Japanese Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS)
3.2.5 Canadian System of Survey of Earth´s Natural Resources Radarsat (Radar Satellite)
3.2.6 Russian Program Almaz´´ 3.2.7 Russian Module of Earth´s Remote SensingPriroda´´ (Nature´´) 3.2.8 ERS Space Vehicles COSMO (Italy, Spain, Greece) 3.2.9 Double-Purpose ERS SV COSMO-SkyMed (Italy) 3.2.10 Radar Intelligence System Lacrosse 3.2.11 Radar Location Complex SIR-C/X-SAR 3.2.12 French ERS Space Vehicle Osiris Based on Radar 2000 Project 3.3 Ground Penetrating Radars with Increased Resolution 3.4 Ultra-Wideband Devices of Radar Systems 3.4.1 Basic Characteristics of UWB Devices 3.4.2 Classification of US UWB Radars 3.4.2.1 Radars of Sub-surface Probing of Building Structures 3.4.2.2 Through-The-Wall Radars 3.4.2.3 Stationary Surveillance Radars 3.4.2.4 Medical Visualization Systems 3.4.2.5 Automobile Radars 3.4.2.6 Stationary UWB Systems (for Indoor Applications) 3.4.2.7 Mobile (Portable) UWB Systems 3.4.3 Development of UWB Technology in Russia 3.5 Linear FM Ground Penetrating Radar with Increased Resolution 3.5.1 Structure of a Ground Penetrating Radar with Ultra-Wideband Quasi-Continuous Linear FM Signal 3.5.2 Path of Generation and Processing of Ultra-Wideband Quasi-Continuous Linear FM Signals of Ground Penetrating Radar 3.6 Features of Using Ground Penetrating Radars from Aircrafts 3.7 Russian Georadars 3.7.1 Ground Penetrating Radars of theLoza´´ Series
3.7.2 Zond-2´´ Georadars 3.7.3OKO´´ Georadars
References
Chapter 4: Antennas and Antenna Devices for Radar Location and Radio Communication
4.1 Main Parameters and Types of Antennas
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Characteristics of Radar Set Antennas
4.1.2.1 Antenna Gain
4.1.2.2 Antenna Beam (Directivity) Pattern
4.1.2.3 Beam Width
4.1.2.4 Aperture
4.1.2.5 Main and Additional Lobes
4.1.2.6 Front to Back Intensity Ratio
4.1.2.7 Polarization
4.1.2.8 Linear Polarization
4.1.2.9 Circular Polarization
4.1.2.10 Half-Wave Antenna
4.1.2.11 Parabolic Antenna
4.1.2.12 Blade Beam Antenna
4.1.2.13 Offset Antenna
4.1.2.14 Cosecant-Squared Antennas
4.1.2.15 Inverse Cosecant-Squared Beam Pattern
4.1.2.16 Cosecant-Squared Antenna with Layered Beam
4.1.2.17 Phased Antenna Arrays
4.1.2.18 Linear Antenna Array
4.1.2.19 Planar Array
4.1.2.20 Frequency Scanned Antenna Array
4.1.2.21 Phase Shifter
4.1.2.22 Monopulse Antennas
4.1.2.23 Conical Scanning
4.1.3 Basic Antenna Types and Technical Characteristics
4.1.3.1 Dipole Antenna
4.1.3.2 Asymmetrical Vibrator (Monopole)
4.1.3.3 Directional Antennas
4.1.3.4 Log-Periodic Antenna
4.1.3.5 Active Antennas
4.2 Examples of Design Concepts of Antennas for Radio Communication Systems
4.2.1 Small-Sized Antenna for Portable Wireless Systems of Thee WIMAX/WLAN Standard
4.2.2 Wideband Microstrip Antenna with Increased Gain Factor
4.2.3 Wideband SHF Travelling-Wave Antenna
4.2.4 Man-Portable Antennas
4.2.5 Multiband Patch Antenna
4.2.6 Microstrip Antennas on Thin Substrate
4.2.7 Flat Reflective Printed Antenna for Cellular Communication Systems
4.2.7.1 Principle of Operation of a Parabolic Dish Printed Antenna
4.2.8 Features of Designing Mirror Reflector Phased Antenna Arrays
4.2.8.1 Calculation of Dimensions of PAA Reflectors
4.2.8.2 Structure and Parameters of a Planar Reflector Antenna
4.2.9 Three-Range Slot Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems
4.2.10 Wideband Vivaldi Antenna on Ceramic Substrate for 60 GHz
4.2.11 Methodological Basis of Calculation of Mirror Dish Antennas Using Modern Microwave CAD Systems
4.2.11.1 Modeling of a Circular Mirror Antenna
4.2.11.2 Offset Antenna Modeling
4.2.12 Wideband Log-Spiral Antenna with Circular Polarization
4.3 Phased Antenna Arrays
4.3.1 Classification, Structure and Features of Application of Phased Antenna Arrays
4.3.2 Detailed Description of the Structure and Operating Principles of PAA Without a Single Formula
4.4 Design Features and Reliability Assessment of Power Supply Systems of Active Electronically Scanned Arrays of Radar Statio…
4.5 Components for Provision of Mechanical Positioning of Antenna Systems of Radars and Radio Communication
4.5.1 Position Sensors (Encoders)
4.5.2 Rotary Junctions of Positioning Systems
4.6 Condition and Prospects of Development of Antenna Devices for Radars and Communication Means
4.6.1 Analysis of the Current State of Development of Antenna Devices in Radar Sets
4.6.2 Main Directions of Development of Antenna Systems of Radar Sets
4.6.3 Ways of Solving Technical Problems of Development of Advanced Antenna Systems of Radar Sets
4.6.3.1 Technical Solutions for the Direction of Development of Large Space Antennas
4.6.3.2 Main Advanced Directions of Studies for Creation of Highly Efficient Antennas with Signal Processing
References
Further Reading for Chapter 5
Chapter 5: Features of Organizing the Process of Designing Radar Microcircuits
5.1 Features of Organizing the Process of Designing Radio Frequency Microcircuits
5.2 Possible Types of Technologies Used for Production of RF and SHF Products
5.3 Software Means for Designing SHF ICs
5.3.1 Analysis of Possibilities and Advantages of Software Products of Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
5.3.1.1 Analog Artist Design System
5.3.1.2 Composer IC Design Environment
5.3.1.3 The Use of HDL Blocks Makes Design Real
5.3.1.4 Real Designing in a Team
5.3.1.5 All-Round Software Shell for IC Design
5.3.1.6 Synthesis Means
5.3.1.7 Modeling
5.3.1.8 Timing Analysis
5.3.1.9 Calculation of Time Delays
5.3.1.10 Layout Planning
5.3.1.11 Test Synthesis
5.3.1.12 Arrangement and Routing System
5.3.1.13 Physical Verification
5.3.1.14 Adaptation Means
5.3.2 List of Necessary Design Libraries and Their Functional Description
5.3.3 Features of Teaching Methods of Designing Digital Systems Using VHDL Language
5.3.4 Detailed Description of an IC Design Process
5.3.5 Multisim Blue Software for Modeling of Radioelectronic Devices
5.4 Features of Circuit Modeling of Phase Shifters for Radar Sets
5.4.1 Basic Parameters of a Standard Phase Shifter
5.4.2 Phase Shifter Designing Using CAD Means
References
Chapter 6: Power Electronics Devices Based on Wide-Gap Semiconductors
6.1 Main Properties of Materials Based on Large Gap Semiconductors
6.2 Evolution of Silicon Carbide Production Technology
6.3 Main Manufacturers of SiC-Based Power Electronics Devices
6.4 Designs of GaN-Based Power Devices
6.4.1 Diode structures
6.4.2 MOSFET
6.4.3 Structures Based on 2D Electron Gas
6.4.4 Lateral Structures
6.4.5 Vertical Structures
6.5 State and Trends of Development of the Technology of Powerful GaN-Based SHF Transistors and MICs
6.6 Wideband Transistor Power Amplifiers of the Microwave Range
6.7 Features of Basic Process Operations of Production of GaN Device Crystals
6.7.1 Epitaxy
6.7.2 Formation of Contacts
6.7.3 Lithography
6.7.4 Etching and Groove Production Processes
6.7.5 Surface Formation and Device Passivation
References
Chapter 7: Vacuum Electronics
7.1 Operating Principle, Classification and Technological Features of Vacuum Electronic Devices
7.2 Application of Vacuum Electronics in US Military Equipment
7.3 Main Values of VTD Parameters Achieved by 2000
7.4 Microwave Integrated Vacuum Electronics
7.5 High-Power SHF Modules
7.6 Vacuum SHF Devices of Centimeter, Millimeter and Terahertz Ranges
7.6.1 Vacuum SHF Devices of the Centimeter Range
7.6.2 Vacuum SHF Devices of Millimeter and Terahertz Ranges
References
Chapter 8: Semiconductor SHF Devices for Radar Sets
8.1 Element Base of TRMs for Phased Antenna Arrays
8.1.1 Attenuators for Transceiver Modules of Active Electronically Scanned Arrays
8.1.2 Two-Pole Switches for AESA
8.1.3 AESA Phase Shifters
8.1.4 Preamplifiers of Transceivers for AESA
8.1.5 Low Noise Amplifiers and Power Amplifiers for AESA
8.1.6 Noise-Suppressing Filters for AESA
8.2 Russian Element Base of SHF Devices for Radar Sets
8.2.1 Russian Active GaAs Elements for Transceiver SHF Modules of the Centimeter Range
8.2.2 SHF Devices by JSC Microwave Systems´´ 8.2.2.1 Wideband Silicon Carbide-Based Power Amplifiers of the Decimeter Range 8.2.2.2 Ultra-Wideband Microwave Power Amplifiers for the Range of 6-18 GHz 8.2.2.3 Technical Parameters of the Series of High and Low Power SHF Amplifiers by Microwave Systems 8.3 Russian GaAs Based Microwave Components byPlaneta-Argall´´
8.3.1 Transistor Amplifiers
8.3.2 Protective Devices
8.3.3 Microwave Transistors
8.4 Features of Designing SAW Frequency Selective Microcircuits
8.5 Microwave Radio Receivers by RSE ``Pulsar´´
8.6 High Speed Hybrid Converters for Radar Sets
8.7 Foreign Microcircuits for GaN-Based Transceiver Modules of Radar Systems
8.7.1 GaN-Based AESA TRMs
8.7.2 Monolithic GaN Microwave Power Amplifiers
8.7.3 GaN-Based SHF Microcircuits of Switches
8.7.4 Optimization of Design of GaN SHF Transistors
8.7.5 SHF Microcircuits by RFHIC
8.7.5.1 GaN-Based SHF Microcircuits by RFHIC for Wireless Communication Systems
8.7.5.2 GaN Amplifiers for Pulse Radar Sets
8.8 HF and SHF Devices by Mini-Circuits
8.8.1 Integrated Monolithic Amplifiers of the VNA Group
8.8.2 Double Balanced Mixers of the MCA1 Group
8.8.3 Series of Multi-purpose High-Frequency Amplifiers
8.8.4 Frequency Mixers
8.8.5 Attenuators of HF and SHF Ranges
8.9 SHF Chips by Hittite Microwave
8.9.1 SHF Chips of Attenuators by Hittite Microwave
8.9.1.1 Standard Attenuator Chips with Analog Control
8.9.1.2 Attenuator Chips with Digital Control
8.9.1.3 SHF and Ultra-Wideband Amplifiers with Fixed Gain
8.9.2 Monolithic SHF Microcircuits of Full Synthesizers by Hittite Microwave
8.9.2.1 Monolithic Chips PLL of SHF Synthesizers
8.9.2.2 Three-Band Monolithic Microcircuits of Synthesizers
8.9.2.3 Wide-Band Monolithic Microcircuits of Synthesizers
8.9.2.4 Chips HMC983 and HMC984 Are for Building of Ultra-Wideband Synthesizers
8.9.2.5 Monolithic Chips of Wide-Band Frequency Synthesizers HMC701/702/703
8.9.2.6 Software for Monolithic Chips of Synthesizers
8.10 Specifics of Selecting Element Base for Secondary Power Supply Systems of AESA Transceiver Modules
8.10.1 Principles of Building Power Supply Systems for AESA TRMs
8.10.2 Technological Features of Production of DC/DC Converters
8.10.3 Features of SynQor Converters of the Hi-Rel Series
8.10.4 Electromagnetic Processes in the Power Supply System of AESA Transceivers
References
Chapter 9: HF and SHF Components for Radar Sets
9.1 Microstrip Filters for SHF Systems
9.2 Features of Using Acoustic Wave-Based Microwave Filters
9.3 Features of Using Special Design Solutions of Cable Sealing Glands for SHF Devices
9.4 Russian Powerful Stripline SHF Resistors
9.5 High Frequency Connections for Active Phased Antenna Arrays
9.6 HF and SHF Components of Spectrum Advanced Specialty Products
9.7 Ceramic SHF Components for Radar Sets
9.7.1 Ceramic Capacitors
9.8 Line Filters and Film Capacitors for Radar Sets
9.9 Special Connectors and Cable Assemblies
9.10 Evolution of Packages for Devices and Units of Radioelectronic Equipment
References
Chapter 10: Methods and Means of Ensuring Reliability of Radar and Communication Systems
10.1 Electromagnetic Compatibility: Terms, Definitions, Classification
10.1.1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Interference
10.1.2 EMC Terms, Definitions and Classification
10.1.3 Regulations and Standards for Electromagnetic Compatibility
10.2 Ensuring Electromagnetic Compatibility of Microprocessor Control Units of Electronic Devices
10.2.1 Design Features of Printed Circuit Boards Optimized in Terms of Electromagnetic Compatibility
10.2.2 Measurement of the Level of Interference Emitted by Microcontrollers
10.2.3 Ensuring Electromagnetic Compatibility in Wired Communication Systems
10.2.4 Design of Printed Circuit Boards for High-Speed Communication Systems
10.3 Protective SHF Devices for Radar Stations and Communication Systems
10.3.1 Classification and Features of Creation of Protective SHF Devices for Radar Location and Communication
10.3.2 Gas Discharge Protective Devices
10.3.3 Semiconductor Protective Devices
10.3.4 Vacuum Protective Devices
10.4 Features of Assessment of the Resource of SHF Devices Considering the Reliability of Mechanical Components
10.5 Features of Organizing Electric Power Supply Circuits of Radar Set Microwave Devices
10.6 HF and SHF Components for Suppression of Electromagnetic Interference
10.7 Assessment of Resistance of Microcircuits to the Effect of Electromagnetic Interference
10.8 Standard Methods of Testing SHF Devices for Resistance to Electrostatic Discharges
10.8.1 Standards of Tests at the Device Level
10.8.1.1 Bioman
10.8.1.2 Machine Model
10.8.1.3 Charged Device Model
10.8.2 Comparison of Test Methods at the Device Level
10.8.3 Standards of Tests at the System Level
10.8.3.1 Electrostatic Discharge Immunity
10.8.3.2 High-Speed Transient Immunity
10.8.3.3 Surge Immunity
10.9 Passive Intermodulation in SHF Circuits
10.9.1 Mechanisms of the Occurrence of Passive Intermodulation
10.9.2 Causes of the Passive Intermodulation and Methods for Reducing its Level in RF Connectors
10.9.3 Passive Intermodulation in the Printed Circuit Board Material
10.9.4 PIM in Band, Coaxial and Waveguide Transmission Lines
10.9.5 PIM in Directional Couplers, Frequency Duplexers and Transformers
10.9.6 External PIM Sources
10.9.7 PIM Level Evaluation Methods
10.9.8 Specialized Equipment for PIM Testing
References
Chapter 11: Radiophotonics in Telecommunication and Radar Location Systems
11.1 Photonic Devices Based on Surface-Emitting Lasers with Vertical Resonators
11.2 Design of a Long-Wave Alloyed Surface-Emitting Laser
11.3 Basic Technical Characteristics of a Long-Wave Alloyed Surface-Emitting Laser
11.3.1 Electrical and Power Characteristics
11.3.2 Low-Signal Frequency-Modulation Characteristics
11.3.3 Noise Characteristics
11.3.4 Linearity in High Signal Mode
11.3.5 Spectral and Tuning Characteristics
11.4 Continuous Generation Lasers: VECSEL, MEMS-VCSEL, LICSEL
11.5 Pulse Generation Lasers: VECSEL-SESAM, MIXSEL
11.6 Main Directions of Fundamental Studies in the Field of Component Base of Radiophotonics and Functional Devices Based on It
11.7 Examples of Use of Radiophotonic Devices in Radar Location
11.7.1 Active Delay Lines
11.7.2 Channels for Long-Distance Transmission of Microwave Signals
11.7.3 Systems of Distribution of Radio Signals over Radar AESA Curtain (Figs. 11.34, 11.35, 11.36, and 11.37)
11.7.4 Measurement and Calibration Means for Radar Sets
11.8 Microwave Photodetectors for Radiophotonics, Radar Location and Optic Fiber Communication Systems
11.8.1 Physical Principles of Operation of Microwave P-I-N Photoelectric Detectors
11.8.2 Physical Mechanisms of Limiting Photocurrent of a P-I-N-Photodiode
11.8.3 Design Features of Photodiodes
11.8.3.1 Double Depletion Region Photodiode
11.8.3.2 Photodiode with Partially Depleted Absorber (PDA)
11.8.3.3 Unipolar Heterojunction Photodiode (UTC)
References
Chapter 12: Measurement of Electrophysical Parameters of Dielectric and Semiconductor Materials and Structures of Microwave El…
12.1 Analysis of the Modern State of Studies in the Field of Technologies of Parameter Control of Dielectric and Conductive Ma…
12.1.1 Features of Using Microwave Measurement Methods in Semiconductor Microwave Electronics
12.1.2 Measurement of Electrophysical Parameters of Materials by Waveguide Methods
12.1.3 Measurement of Semiconductor Parameters by Bridge Methods
12.1.4 Measurement of Semiconductor Parameters by Cavity Methods
12.1.5 Measurement of Material Parameters by Waveguide Dielectric Resonance Method
12.1.6 Measurement of Parameters of Materials and Structures by Autodyne Methods
12.1.7 Measurement of Material Parameters Using Synchronized Oscillators
12.1.8 Near-Field SHF Microscopy of Material Properties
12.1.9 Measurement of Thickness of Nanometer Metal Layers and Conductivity of Semiconductor in Metal-Semiconductor Structures …
12.2 Mathematical Model and Results of Computer Modeling of the Interaction Between Microwave Radiation with One-Dimensional W…
12.2.1 Interaction of SHF Radiation with Multi-Layered Structures with Planes of Layers Perpendicular to the Radiation Propaga…
12.2.1.1 Mathematical Model
12.2.1.2 Results of Computer Modeling of Reflection Spectra of Waveguide Photonic Structures in Different Frequency Ranges
12.2.1.3 Results of Computer Modeling of the Dependence of Reflection Spectra of Waveguide Photonic Structures on the Position…
12.2.1.4 Results of Computer Modeling of the Dependence of Reflection Spectra of Waveguide Photonic Structures on Irregularity…
12.2.1.5 Results of Computer Modeling of Reflection Spectra of Waveguide Photonic Structures Containing Transmitting Layers
12.3 Theoretical Basis for the Method of Measurement of SHF Material Parameters Using One-Dimensional Waveguide Photonic Struc…
12.3.1 Measurement of Permittivity of Materials
12.3.2 Measurement of Complex Permittivity of Materials with Losses
12.3.3 Measurement of Thicknesses of Nanometer Metal Films on Dielectric or Semiconductor Substrates
12.4 Results of Experimental Study of Interaction of SHF Radiation with One-Dimensional Waveguide Photonic Structures
12.4.1 Results of Experimental Study of Reflection and Transmission Spectra of Waveguide Photonic Crystals
12.4.2 Use of Waveguide Photonic Structures for Measurement of Parameters of Nanometer Metal Layers on Semiconductor and Diele…
12.4.2.1 Experimental Study of Frequency Dependencies of the Reflection Coefficient of Photonic Structures Containing Nanomete…
12.4.2.2 Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Metal Films Applied to Dielectric Substrates
12.4.2.3 Measurement of Thicknesses of Metal Films Applied to Semiconductor Substrates
12.4.2.4 Measurement of Thickness of Nanometer Metal Layers and Electrical Conductivity of Semiconductor in Metal-Semiconducto…
12.4.3 Use of Waveguide Photonic Structures for Measurement of Parameters of Dielectric Materials
12.4.3.1 Experimental Study of Frequency Dependencies of the Reflection Coefficient of Photonic Structures Containing Irregula…
12.4.3.2 Measurement of Permittivity of Materials with Low Losses
12.4.3.3 Measurement of Real and Imaginary Parts of Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Materials with Losses
References
Chapter 13: Radiation Stability of SHF Devices
13.1 Impact of Ionizing Radiation on the Characteristics of Silicon-Germanium Integrated Circuits of the SHF Range
13.1.1 Heterostructural Bipolar Transistors
13.1.2 SHF LNA and WBA Chips
13.1.3 SHF VCG Chips
13.2 Design Features of the Radiation-Resistant Library for Designing SHF Functional Units Based on CMOS SOI Technology
13.2.1 High-frequency and Noise Properties of Domestic SOI MOS Transistors
13.2.2 Instrument Modeling of SOI MOS Transistors
13.2.3 MOS VVCs
13.2.4 R, , L Elements
13.2.5 Design of Functional Elements of SHF Path
13.3 Features of the Mechanisms of Influence of Space Factors on the Formation of Local Radiation Effects
13.4 Features of the Design of Passive Elements for Radiation-Resistant Monolithic Silicon-Germanium SHF ICs
13.4.1 Microstrip Transmission Line
13.4.2 Integral Inductances
13.4.3 Balance-to-Unbalance Transformers
References
Index

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Contents Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Array Background 1 1.2 Systems Factors 2 1.3 Annotated Reference Sources 3 1.3.1 Adaptive Antenna Reference Books 5 References 5 2 Basic Array Characteristics 7 2.1 Uniformly Excited Linear Arrays 7 2.1.1 Patterns 7 2.1.2 Beamwidth 9 2.1.3 Sidelobes 11 2.1.4 Grating Lobes 11 2.1.5 Bandwidth 15 2.2 Planar Arrays 17 2.2.1 Array Coordinates 17 2.2.2 Beamwidth 18 2.2.3 Grating Lobes: Rectangular Lattice 21 2.2.4 Grating Lobes: Hexagonal Lattice 23 2.3 Beam Steering and Quantization Lobes 25 2.3.1 Steering Increment 25 2.3.2 Steering Bandwidth 26 2.3.3 Time Delay Deployment 27 2.3.4 Phaser Quantization Lobes 28 2.3.5 Sub-array Quantization Lobes 32 2.3.6 QL Decollimation: Overlapped Sub-arrays 35 2.4 Directivity 36 2.4.1 Linear Array Directivity 36 2.4.2 Directivity of Arrays of Short Dipoles 39 2.4.3 Directivity of Arrays of Resonant Elements 40 2.4.4 Planar Array Directivity 42 References 46 3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.1.1 Pattern Formulations 49 3.1.2 Physics versus Mathematics 51 3.1.3 Taylor Narrow-Beam Design Principles 52 3.2 Dolph–Chebyshev Arrays 53 3.2.1 Half-Wave Spacing 53 3.2.2 Spacing Less Than Half-Wave 59 3.3 Taylor One-Parameter Distribution 60 3.3.1 One-Parameter Design 60 3.3.2 Bickmore–Spellmire Two-Parameter Distribution 65 3.4 Taylor N-Bar Aperture Distribution 66 3.5 Low-Sidelobe Distributions 72 3.5.1 Comparison of Distributions 72 3.5.2 Average Sidelobe Level 75 3.6 Villeneuve N-Bar Array Distribution 76 3.7 Difference Patterns 79 3.7.1 Canonical Patterns 79 3.7.2 Bayliss Patterns 81 3.7.3 Sum and Difference Optimization 85 3.7.4 Discrete Zolotarev Distributions 87 3.8 Sidelobe Envelope Shaping 89 3.9 Shaped Beam Synthesis 92 3.9.1 Woodward–Lawson Synthesis 92 3.9.2 Elliott Synthesis 94 3.10 Thinned Arrays 98 3.10.1 Probabilistic Design 98 3.10.2 Space Tapering 102 3.10.3 Minimum Redundancy Arrays 103 4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis 109 4.1 Circular Planar Arrays 109 4.1.1 Flat Plane Slot Arrays 109 4.1.2 Hansen One-Parameter Pattern 110 4.1.3 Taylor Circular n¯ Pattern 114 4.1.4 Circular Bayliss Difference Pattern 118 4.1.5 Difference Pattern Optimization 123 4.2 Noncircular Apertures 125 4.2.1 Two-Dimensional Optimization 125 4.2.2 Ring Sidelobe Synthesis 126 Acknowledgment 127 References 127 5 Array Elements 129 5.1 Dipoles 129 5.1.1 Thin Dipoles 129 5.1.2 Bow-Tie and Open-Sleeve Dipoles 136 5.2 Waveguide Slots 139 5.2.1 Broad Wall Longitudinal Slots 140 5.2.2 Edge Slots 145 5.2.3 Stripline Slots 147 5.2.4 Open-End Waveguides 147 5.2.5 Substrate Integrated Waveguide 148 5.3 TEM Horns 149 5.3.1 Development of TEM Horns 149 5.3.2 Analysis and Design of Horns 151 5.3.3 TEM Horn Arrays 152 5.3.4 Millimeter Wave Antennas 153 5.4 Microstrip Patches and Dipoles 154 5.4.1 Transmission Line Model 157 5.4.2 Cavity and Other Models 159 5.4.3 Parasitic Patch Antennas 159 5.4.4 Balanced-Fed Patches 163 Acknowledgments 163 References 163 6 Array Feeds 171 6.1 Series Feeds 171 6.1.1 Resonant Arrays 171 6.1.1.1 Impedance and Bandwidth 171 6.1.1.2 Resonant Slot Array Design 176 CONTENTS ix 6.1.2 Traveling Wave Arrays 178 6.1.2.1 Frequency Squint and Single-Beam Condition 178 6.1.2.2 Calculation of Element Conductance 181 6.1.2.3 TW Slot Array Design 185 6.1.3 Frequency Scanning 188 6.1.4 Phaser Scanning 193 6.2 Shunt (Parallel) Feeds 194 6.2.1 Corporate Feeds 194 6.2.2 Distributed Arrays 196 6.3 Two-Dimensional Feeds 197 6.3.1 Fixed-Beam Arrays 197 6.3.2 Sequential Excitation Arrays 199 6.3.3 Electronic Scan in One Plane 199 6.3.4 Electronic Scan in Two Planes 201 6.4 Photonic Feed Systems 207 6.4.1 Fiber Optic Delay Feeds 207 6.4.1.1 Binary Delay Lines 207 6.4.1.2 Acousto-Optical Switched Delay 209 6.4.1.3 Modulators and Photodetectors 210 6.4.2 Wavelength Division Fiber Delay 211 6.4.2.1 Dispersive Fiber Delay 211 6.4.2.2 Bragg Fiber Grating Delay 212 6.4.2.3 Traveling Wave Fiber Delay 212 6.4.3 Optical Delay 213 6.4.4 Optical Fourier Transform 213 6.5 Systematic Errors 214 6.5.1 Parallel Phasers 214 6.5.2 Series Phasers 215 6.5.3 Systematic Error Compensation 216 Acknowledgments 216 References 216 7 Mutual Coupling 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Fundamentals of Scanning Arrays 221 7.2.1 Current Sheet Model 221 7.2.2 Free and Forced Excitations 223 7.2.3 Scan Impedance and Scan Element Pattern 225 7.2.3.1 Transmit versus Receive SEP 228 7.2.3.2 Measurement of Scan Impedance 233 7.2.4 Minimum Scattering Antennas 233 7.3 Spatial Domain Approaches to Mutual Coupling 235 7.3.1 Canonical Couplings 235 7.3.1.1 Dipole and Slot Mutual Impedance 235 7.3.1.2 Microstrip Patch Mutual Impedance 239 7.3.1.3 Horn Mutual Impedance 241 7.3.2 Impedance Matrix Solution 242 7.3.3 The Grating Lobe Series 244 7.4 Spectral Domain Approaches 246 7.4.1 Dipoles and Slots 246 7.4.2 Microstrip Patches 258 7.4.3 Printed Dipoles 261 7.4.4 Printed TEM Horns 262 7.4.5 Unit Cell Simulators 266 7.5 Scan Compensation and Blind Angles 266 7.5.1 Blind Angles 266 7.5.2 Scan Compensation 269 7.5.2.1 Coupling Reduction 269 7.5.2.2 Compensating Feed Networks 269 7.5.2.3 Multimode Elements 272 7.5.2.4 External Wave Filter 276 Acknowledgment 276 References 277 8 Finite Arrays 285 8.1 Methods of Analysis 285 8.1.1 Overview 285 8.1.2 Finite-by-Infinite Arrays 289 8.2 Scan Performance of Small Arrays 293 8.3 Finite-by-Infinite Array Gibbsian Model 300 8.3.1 Salient Scan Impedance Characteristics 300 8.3.2 A Gibbsian Model for Finite Arrays 310 References 313 9 Superdirective Arrays 317 9.1 Historical Notes 317 9.2 Maximum Array Directivity 318 9.2.1 Broadside Directivity for Fixed Spacing 318 9.2.2 Directivity as Spacing Approaches Zero 320 9.2.3 Endfire Directivity 321 9.2.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances 322 9.3 Constrained Optimization 330 9.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity 330 9.3.2 Constraint on Q or Tolerances 336 9.4 Matching of Superdirective Arrays 338 9.4.1 Network Loss Magnification 338 9.4.2 HTS Arrays 340 References 340 10 Multiple-Beam Antennas 343 10.1 Introduction 343 10.2 Beamformers 343 10.2.1 Networks 344 10.2.1.1 Power Divider BFN 344 10.2.1.2 Butler Matrix 344 10.2.1.3 Blass and Nolen Matrices 348 10.2.1.4 The 2D BFN 350 10.2.1.5 McFarland 2D Matrix 350 10.2.2 Lenses 351 10.2.2.1 Rotman Lens BFN 351 10.2.2.2 Bootlace Lenses 368 10.2.2.3 Dome Lenses 372 10.2.2.4 Other Lenses 374 10.2.3 Digital Beamforming 377 10.3 Low Sidelobes and Beam Interpolation 378 10.3.1 Low-Sidelobe Techniques 378 10.3.1.1 Interlaced Beams 378 10.3.1.2 Resistive Tapering 379 10.3.1.3 Lower Sidelobes via Lossy Networks 379 10.3.1.4 Beam Superposition 381 10.3.2 Beam Interpolation Circuits 383 10.4 Beam Orthogonality 385 10.4.1 Orthogonal Beams 385 10.4.1.1 Meaning of Orthogonality 385 10.4.1.2 Orthogonality of Distributions 386 10.4.1.3 Orthogonality of Arrays 388 10.4.2 Effects of Nonorthogonality 389 10.4.2.1 Efficiency Loss 389 10.4.2.2 Sidelobe Changes 390 Acknowledgments 393 References 393 11.1 Scope 399 11.2 Ring Arrays 400 11.2.1 Continuous Ring Antenna 400 11.2.2 Discrete Ring Array 403 11.2.3 Beam Cophasal Excitation 407 11.3 Arrays on Cylinders 411 11.3.1 Slot Patterns 411 11.3.2 Array Pattern 412 11.3.2.1 Grating Lobes 416 11.3.2.2 Principal Sidelobes 419 11.3.2.3 Cylindrical Depolarization 421 11.3.3 Slot Mutual Admittance 422 11.3.3.1 Modal Series 426 11.3.3.2 Admittance Data 430 11.3.4 Scan Element Pattern 430 11.4 Sector Arrays on Cylinders 434 11.4.1 Patterns and Directivity 434 11.4.2 Comparison of Planar and Sector Arrays 437 11.4.3 Ring and Cylindrical Array Hardware 441 11.5 Arrays on Cones and Spheres 442 11.5.1 Conical Arrays 443 11.5.1.1 Lattices on a Cone 444 11.5.1.2 Conical Depolarization and Coordinate Systems 447 11.5.1.3 Projective Synthesis 455 11.5.1.4 Patterns and Mutual Coupling 455 11.5.1.5 Conical Array Experiments 456 11.5.2 Spherical Arrays 457 Acknowledgments 458 References 458 12 Connected Arrays 465 12.1 History of Connected Arrays 465 12.2 Connected Array Principles 466 12.3 Connected Dipole Currents 467 12.3.1 Simulation Results: Current Phases 467 12.3.2 Simulation Results: Current Amplitudes 468 12.3.3 Simulation Results: SEP 474 12.4 Connection by Reactance 474 CONTENTS xiii 12.5 Connected Array Extensions 476 References 476 13 Reflectarrays and Retrodirective Arrays 479 13.1 Reflectarrays 479 13.1.1 History of Reflectarrays 479 13.1.2 Geometric Design 480 13.1.3 Elements 481 13.1.4 Phasing of Elements 482 13.1.5 Bandwidth 484 13.1.6 Reflectarray Extensions 485 13.2 Retrodirective Arrays 486 13.2.1 History of Retrodirective Arrays 486 13.2.2 Recent Progress 487 13.2.3 Advanced Applications 491 References 491 14 Reflectors with Arrays 497 14.1 Focal Plane Arrays 497 14.1.1 Focal Plane Fields and Coma 497 14.1.2 Recovering Coma Scan Loss 502 14.1.3 Coma Correction Limitations 502 14.2 Near-Field Electromagnetic Optics 503 14.2.1 Near-Field Cassegrain 503 14.2.1.1 System Trades and Restrictions 507 14.2.2 Near-Field Gregorian 507 References 510 15 Measurements and Tolerances 513 15.1 Measurement of Low-Sidelobe Patterns 513 15.2 Array Diagnostics 516 15.3 Waveguide Simulators 518 15.4 Array Tolerances 524 15.4.1 Directivity Reduction and Average Sidelobe Level 524 15.4.2 Beam Pointing Error 526 15.4.3 Peak Sidelobes 527 Acknowledgment 529 References 529 Author Index 533 Subject Index 543
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