本文为马来西亚马来亚大学（作者：JAWAD NAGI）的计算机科学硕士论文，共355页。
乳腺癌是最常见的癌症之一，也是导致女性死亡的主要原因。乳腺摄影是目前最有效的乳腺癌影像学检查方法，可用于鉴别异常癌细胞。研究显示，在当前的乳腺癌筛查中，大约15%到30%的乳腺癌病例被放射科医生漏诊。随着数字图像处理技术的进步，放射科医师将有机会减少这种误诊的概率，从而提高确诊率。
数字乳腺X线摄影已成为乳腺癌最有效的检测手段。本研究的目的是通过减少误分类的癌症数目，提高图像处理和机器学习技术的诊断准确性，以优化数字乳腺摄影中恶性和良性肿瘤的判断。在本研究中，数字乳房摄影图像是从2008年至2010年在马来亚大学医学中心（UMMC）接受治疗的马来西亚患者获得的；该数据库由密集、脂肪和脂肪腺乳房构成的标准图像组成，根据检查结果分为正常、良性和恶性三类。
本研究应用图像处理技术对乳腺X光图像进行增强，以实现乳癌的计算机检测。用于乳腺X光图像处理的算法包括形态学运算和阈值处理技术。由于数字乳腺照片中的胸肌会影响检测结果，因此应该在乳房X光照片中进行抑制。本研究采用种子区域生长技术，从胸肌中分离出乳房组织。
使用真实(GT)数据和放射学家对乳腺摄影数据集解释得到的标记，选择分割后图像的恶性和良性样本，并标记为感兴趣区域(ROI)或异常区域(样本)。利用灰度共生矩阵（GLCMs）从ROI样本中提取纹理特征；为了对恶性和良性样本进行模式分类，利用支持向量机（SVM）对纹理特征的最优子集进行建模。SVM使用三分之二的总样本进行训练，其中剩余的三分之一样本用于测试和验证。本文利用接收机工作特性（ROC）分析，结合灵敏度、特异性和曲线下面积（AUC）等性能指标，测量了所开发系统的二元分类精度。为了进行对比研究，本文评估了SVM以外的机器学习算法，即人工神经网络（ANN）。本系统所获得的实验结果证明了对乳腺癌的自动检测是有益的，该技术可以提高放射科医师在乳腺癌诊断中的诊断准确性和一致性。由此研制的乳腺癌自动检测系统将作为放射科医师手动检测后的第二判图者，我们相信这将有助于提高放射科医师的确诊概率。
Breast cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer, as well as theleading cause of mortality among women. Mammography is currently the mosteffective imaging modality for the detection of breast cancer and the diagnosisof the anomalies which can identify cancerous cells. Retrospective studies showthat, in current breast cancer screenings approximately 15 to 30 percent ofbreast cancer cases are missed by radiologists. With the advances in digitalimage processing techniques, it is envisaged that radiologists will haveopportunities to decrease this margin of error and hence, improve theirdiagnosis. Digital mammograms have become the most effective techniques for thedetection of breast cancer. The goal of this research is to increase thediagnostic accuracy of image processing and machine learning techniques foroptimum classification between malignant and benign abnormalities in digitalmammograms by reducing the number of misclassified cancers. In this research,digital mammography images are obtained from Malaysian patients who are treatedat the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) from 2008 to 2010. Thisdatabase consists of standard images of dense, fatty and fatty-glandularbreasts, which are classified into three categories: normal, benign andmalignant, using the results obtained from biopsies. Image processingtechniques are applied in this research to enhance the mammogram images for thecomputerized detection of breast cancer. Image processing algorithms used formammogram image processing include morphological operations and thresholdingtechniques. As the pectoral muscle in digital mammograms can bias the detectionresults, it should be suppressed from the mammograms. This research employs aseeded region growing technique for the segmenting the breast tissue from thepectoral muscle. Malignant and benign abnormalities are selected from thesegmented images using the Ground Truth (GT) data and markings obtained fromthe radiologists’ interpretation of the mammography datasets, which correspondto the Regions of Interest (ROIs) or abnormal regions (samples). Texture basedfeatures are extracted from the ROI samples using Gray Level Co-OccurrenceMatrices (GLCMs). For the purpose of pattern classification between malignantand benign samples, the optimum subset of texture features are modeled using aSupport Vector Machine (SVM). The SVM is trained using two-thirds of the totalsamples where the remaining one-third of samples are used for testing andvalidation. The binary classification accuracy of the developed system ismeasured using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis withperformance measures such as sensitivity, specificity and the Area Under theCurve (AUC). To perform a comparative study, machine learning algorithms otherthan the SVM, namely, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are evaluated in thisresearch. The experimental results obtained from the system developed in thisresearch prove to be beneficial for the automated detection of breast cancer.The proposed technique will improve the diagnostic accuracy and consistency ofthe radiologists’ image interpretation in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Theresulting computerized breast cancer detection system will subsequently act asa second reader after the manual detection by the radiologist and it isbelieved that this would aid the radiologist in the mammogram screeningprocess.
1 引言
2 数字化乳腺摄影
3 计算机辅助检测的要素
4 模式识别与特征选择
5 建模框架
6 实验结果与讨论
7 结论与未来研究方向
附录A 数据建模与分析
附录B SVM训练与验证
附录C LIBSVM版权提醒
附录D 发表论文列表
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