c# | 委托

一、无题

委托(delegate)是函数指针的升级版

直接调用:通过函数名来调用函数,CPU通过函数名直接获得函数所在的地址并开始执行->返回

间接调用:通过函数指针来调用函数,CPU通过读取函数指针储存的值获得函数所在地址并开始执行->返回

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //第一种委托类型
            Calculator calculor = new Calculator();
            Action action = new Action(calculor.Report);
            calculor.Report();  //直接调用
            action.Invoke();    //委托简介调用
            action();           //简便写法

            //第二种委托类型
            Func<int, int, int> func1 = new Func<int, int, int>(calculor.Add);
            Func<int, int, int> func2 = new Func<int, int, int>(calculor.Sub);

            int x = 100;
            int y = 200;
            int z = 0;

            z = func1.Invoke(x, y);
            z = func1(x, y);        //是上面的简写版
            Console.WriteLine(z);
            z = func2.Invoke(x, y);
            z = func2(x, y);        //是上面的简写版
            Console.WriteLine(z);

        }
    }

    class Calculator
    {
        public void Report()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I have three number");
        }

        public int Add(int a,int b)
        {
            int result = a + b;
            return result;
        }

        public int Sub(int a,int b)
        {
            int result = a - b;
            return result;
        }
    }
}

结果
在这里插入图片描述

二、委托的声明(自定义委托)

委托是一种类(class),类是数据类型所以委托也是一种数据类型,它的声明方式与一般的类不同,主要是为了照顾可读性和c/c++传统

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{
    public delegate double Calc(double x, double y);//写在Program外面,作为一个单独的类


    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Type t = typeof(Action);
            Console.WriteLine(t.IsClass);
            Calcular calculator = new Calcular();
            Calc calc1 = new Calc(calculator.Add);
            Calc calc2 = new Calc(calculator.Sub);
            Calc calc3 = new Calc(calculator.Mull);
            Calc calc4 = new Calc(calculator.Div);

            double a = 100, b = 200, c = 0;
            c = calc1.Invoke(a, b);//也可以c = calc1(a,b);
            Console.WriteLine(c);
            c = calc2.Invoke(a, b);
            Console.WriteLine(c);
            c = calc3.Invoke(a, b);
            Console.WriteLine(c);
            c = calc4.Invoke(a, b);
            Console.WriteLine(c);

        }
    }

    class Calcular
    {
        public double Add(double x,double y)
        {
            return x + y;
        }

        public double Sub(double x,double y)
        {
            return x - y;
        }

        public double Mull(double x, double y)
        {
            return x * y;
        }

        public double Div(double x, double y)
        {
            return x / y;
        }
    }

}

结果
在这里插入图片描述
委托与所封装的方法必须“类型兼容”,即返回值的数值类型一致,参数列表在个数和数据类型上一致(参数名不需要一样)

三、委托的一般使用

实例:把方法当作参数传给另一个方法
1、模板方法,“借用”指定的外部方法来产生结果,相当于填空题,常位于代码中部,委托有返回值
2、回调方法,调用指定的外部方法,相当于流水线,常位于代码尾部,委托无返回值

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ProductFactory productFactory = new ProductFactory();
            WrapFactory wrapFactory = new WrapFactory();

            Func<Product> func1 = new Func<Product>(productFactory.MakePizza);
            Func<Product> func2 = new Func<Product>(productFactory.MakeToyCar);

            Logger logger = new Logger();
            Action<Product> log = new Action<Product>(logger.Log);

            Box box1 = wrapFactory.WrapProduct(func1,log);
            Box box2 = wrapFactory.WrapProduct(func2,log);

            Console.WriteLine(box1.Product.Name);
            Console.WriteLine(box2.Product.Name);


        }
    }

    class Product
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public double Price { get; set; }
    }

    class Logger        //记录错误
    {
        public void Log(Product product)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Product{0},create at {1}.Price is {2}",product.Name,DateTime.UtcNow,product.Price);
        }
    }

    class Box
    {
        public Product Product { get; set; }
    }

    class WrapFactory
    {
        public Box WrapProduct(Func<Product> getProduct,Action<Product> logCallback)
        {
            Box box = new Box();
            Product product = getProduct.Invoke();
            if(product.Price >= 50)
            {
                logCallback(product);
            }
            box.Product = product;
            return box;
        }
    }

    class ProductFactory
    {
        public Product MakePizza()
        {
            Product product = new Product();
            product.Name = "pizza";
            product.Price = 12;
            return product;
        }

        public Product MakeToyCar()
        {
            Product product = new Product();
            product.Name = "Toy Car";
            product.Price = 100;
            return product;

        }
    }
}


在这里插入图片描述
这块暂时不是很懂,以后再补充吧、

四、多播委托

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student stu1 = new Student() { ID = 1, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow };
            Student stu2 = new Student() { ID = 2, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Red };
            Student stu3 = new Student() { ID = 3, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Blue };
            Action action1 = new Action(stu1.DoHomework);
            Action action2 = new Action(stu2.DoHomework);
            Action action3 = new Action(stu3.DoHomework);
            /*如果不用多播委托就要写上这三行
            action1.Invoke();
            action2.Invoke();
            action3.Invoke();
            */

            //多播委托
            action1 += action2 += action3;
            action1();

        }
    }

    class Student
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public ConsoleColor PenColor { get; set; }
        public void DoHomework()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = this.PenColor;
                Console.WriteLine("Student {0} doing homework {1} hour(s).", this.ID, i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);//1秒
            }
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

五、隐式异步调用

中英文差异,
同步:你做完我(在你的基础上)接着做(串联)
异步:咱们两个同时做(相当于汉语中的同时进行(并联)

同步调用与异步调用的对比

每一个运行的程序是一个进程(process)
每个进程可以有一个或者多个线程(thread)
同步调用是在同一线程内
异步调用的底层机理是多线程
串行==同步==单线程,并行==异步==多线程

例子:直接同步调用
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student stu1 = new Student() { ID = 1, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow };
            Student stu2 = new Student() { ID = 2, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Red };
            Student stu3 = new Student() { ID = 3, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Blue };

            stu1.DoHomework();
            stu2.DoHomework();
            stu3.DoHomework();

            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Cyan;
                Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0}",i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);
            }



        }
    }

    class Student
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public ConsoleColor PenColor { get; set; }
        public void DoHomework()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = this.PenColor;
                Console.WriteLine("Student {0} doing homework {1} hour(s).", this.ID, i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);//1秒
            }
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述
用委托的话就是间接同步调用,注意直接间接与同步异步是两个不同的概念,这里就不列出间接同步调用了

例子:隐式异步调用
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student stu1 = new Student() { ID = 1, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow };
            Student stu2 = new Student() { ID = 2, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Red };
            Student stu3 = new Student() { ID = 3, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Blue };

            Action action1 = new Action(stu1.DoHomework);
            Action action2 = new Action(stu2.DoHomework);
            Action action3 = new Action(stu3.DoHomework);

            action1.BeginInvoke(null, null);        //隐式异步调用
            action2.BeginInvoke(null, null);
            action3.BeginInvoke(null, null);

            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Cyan;
                Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0}",i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);
            }



        }
    }

    class Student
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public ConsoleColor PenColor { get; set; }
        public void DoHomework()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = this.PenColor;
                Console.WriteLine("Student {0} doing homework {1} hour(s).", this.ID, i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);//1秒
            }
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

action.BeginInvoke()就是创建一个并行的线程
可以看到结果出现了学生与颜色不匹配,是因为几个并行在运行中出现资源冲突的情况,从而导致错误

例子:显式异步调用
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student stu1 = new Student() { ID = 1, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow };
            Student stu2 = new Student() { ID = 2, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Red };
            Student stu3 = new Student() { ID = 3, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Blue };

            Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(stu1.DoHomework));
            Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(stu2.DoHomework));
            Thread thread3 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(stu3.DoHomework));

            thread1.Start();
            thread2.Start();
            thread3.Start();


            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Cyan;
                Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0}",i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);
            }



        }
    }

    class Student
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public ConsoleColor PenColor { get; set; }
        public void DoHomework()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = this.PenColor;
                Console.WriteLine("Student {0} doing homework {1} hour(s).", this.ID, i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);//1秒
            }
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述
也可以使用Task方法来进显式调用

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication4
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student stu1 = new Student() { ID = 1, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow };
            Student stu2 = new Student() { ID = 2, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Red };
            Student stu3 = new Student() { ID = 3, PenColor = ConsoleColor.Blue };

            Task task1 = new Task(new Action(stu1.DoHomework));
            Task task2 = new Task(new Action(stu2.DoHomework));
            Task task3 = new Task(new Action(stu3.DoHomework));

            task1.Start();
            task2.Start();
            task3.Start();



            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Cyan;
                Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0}",i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);
            }



        }
    }

    class Student
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public ConsoleColor PenColor { get; set; }
        public void DoHomework()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = this.PenColor;
                Console.WriteLine("Student {0} doing homework {1} hour(s).", this.ID, i);
                Thread.Sleep(1000);//1秒
            }
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述
委托才可以用到隐式异步调用

应该适时地使用接口(interface)取代一些对委托的使用
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