Python基础入门3

一、基本数据类型

1、什么是数据类型

数据的种类，不同种类的数据的存取机制不一样，用途也不一样

• 整型int
• 浮点型float
• 字符串类型str
• 列表类型list
• 字典类型dict
• 布尔类型bool

2、数据为何要分类型

数据是事物的状态，事物的状态是分为多种多样的，对应着就应该用不同类型的数据去记录。

3、数据类型

(1)整型int

 age = 18  # age = int(18)
 level = int(10)
 print(level,type(level))

作用：年龄、等级、各种号码，个数

(2)浮点型float

 salary = 3.1  # salary = float(3.1)
 print(type(salary))

作用：身高、体重、薪资

(3)字符串类型str

定义：在"“或者’'或者”"" “”"或者’’’ ‘’'中间包含一系列字符

msg1="你he xxx"   # msg1=str("xxx")
msg2='你he xxx'
msg3="""
111
222
333
"""
print(msg3)
print(type(msg3))

 # ps: 外层用双引号，内层就需要用单引号
 print("my name is 'egon'")
 x="abc"
 y="ddd"
 print(x+y)
 print("abc"*3)
 
 print('='*50)
 print("hello")
 print('='*50)

作用：记录一些描述性质的内容，比如名字、国籍、一段话

(4)列表类型

定义：在[ ]内逗号分割开多个任意类型的值

#0 1 2 3
#-4 -3 -2 -1
l=[111,3.1,"abc123",['xxx','yyy',[333,444]]]  # l=list(...)
print(type(l))
print(l[0])
print(l[-1])
print(l[-2])
print(l[-1][0])
print(l[-1][2][0])

作用: 按照索引/顺序存放多个值

hobbies="read music movie basketball"
print(hobbies)
hobbies=["read","music","movie","basketball"]
print(hobbies[1])
info = ["egon", 18, "male", 10, 18]
print(info[1])

(5)字典类型

定义: 在{ }内用逗号分隔开多个key:value，其中value可以是任意类型，而key通常是字符串类型

d={"k1":111,"k2":1.1,"k3":[222,333],"k4":{"a":1,"b":2}}
print(d["k3"][0])
print(d["k4"]["a"])

作用：按照属性名存放多个值，key:value组合

 info = {
	"name":"egon",
	"age":18,
    "gender":"male",
    "annual_salary":18,
    "level":10
}
print(info)
print(info["age"])

(6)布尔类型

定义：总共就两个值True、False

# ==============》显式的布尔值
x=True
y=False
print(type(x))
print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 10)
x=None
print(x is None)
# ==============》隐式的布尔值
# 所有数据类型的值都可以当做隐式的布尔值去用，其中0、空、None三者的布尔值为False，其余均为True
print(bool(0))
print(bool(""))
print(bool([]))
print(bool({}))
print(bool(None))
print(bool(1))

作用：通常会作为条件

二、与用户交互

# 接收用户的输入
name = input("请输入你的用户名：")  # name = "egon"
print(name,type(name))
age = input("请输入你的年龄：")  # age = "18"
age = int(age)
print(age,type(age))
print(age > 16)
# 格式化输出
msg="my name is %s my age is %s" % ("egon",18)
msg="my name is %s my age is %s" % ("egon",[1,2,3])
msg="my name is %s my age is %d\n" % ("egon",18)
print(msg,end="")
print(msg)
print(msg)

三、基本运算符

1、算数运算符

print(10 + 3)
print(10 - 3)
print(10 * 3)
print(10 ** 3)
print(10 / 3)
print(10 // 3)
print(10 % 3)
print(10 * 3.333)  # int类型与float类型统称为数字类型，他们两者是可以混着玩的
print([1,2,3]+[3,4,5])
print([1,2,3]*3)

2、比较运算符

print(10 == 10)
print(10 > 10)
print(10 >= 10)
print("abc" != "ddd")
print(10 > 3.1)
print(10 > "12")  # 不能比大小
print("a12" == "a12")
print([1,2,3] == [1,2,3])
print("abc" > "az")
# l1=[111,222,333]
# l2=[111,999]
l2=[111,"aaa"]
print(l1 > l2)

3、赋值运算符

age=10 
# 增量赋值
age += 2  # age=age+2
age -= 2
age **= 2  # age = age ** 2
print(age) 

# 链式赋值
x=y=z=10
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
print(id(z))

# 交叉赋值
x=10
y=20
# temp=x
# x=y
# y=temp
x,y=y,x
print(x)
print(y)

# 解压赋值
salary = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5]
mon1,mon2,mon3,mon4,mon5=salary
print(mon1,mon2,mon3,mon4,mon5)
# 变量名多一个不行少一个不行，必须与值一一对应
mon1,mon2,mon3,mon4=salary
mon1,mon2,mon3,mon4,mon5,mon6=salary
mon1,mon2,mon3,*_=salary
print(mon1,mon2,mon3)
print(_)

dic={"k1":111,"k2":222,'K3':333}
x,y,z=dic
print(x,y,z)
x,*_=dic
print(x)
 
### 4、逻辑运算符
# not：代表把紧跟其后的条件结果取反
print(not 10 > 3)
 
# and：连接左右两个条件，左右两个条件必须同时成立，最终结果才为True
print(True and 1 > 0 and "aaa" == "aaa")
print(True and 1 < 0 and "aaa" == "aaa")

# or：连接左右两个条件，左右两个条件但凡是有一个成立，最终结果就为True
print(True or 1 > 0 or "aaa" == "aaa")
print(False or 1 < 0 or "aaa" != "aaa")
 
# 短路运算-》偷懒原则
 
# 优先级：not > and > or
res=3>4 and 4>3 or not 1==3 and 'x' == 'x' or 3 >3
res=(3>4 and 4>3) or (not 1==3 and 'x' == 'x') or 3 >3
print(res)
print(1 and 3)
print(1 and 3 or 4)

四、流程控制

1、if判断

# 1、单分支案列：
age=22
height=170
weight=100
gender="female"
print("start...")
if age > 16 and age < 26 and height > 160 and gender == "female":
	print("开始表白。。。")
print('end...')
# 2、双分支案列：
age=18
height=170
weight=100
gender="female"
print("start...")
if 16 < age < 26 and height > 160 and gender == "female":
	print("开始表白。。。")
else:
	print("阿姨好。。。")
print('end...')
 
# 3、if判断嵌套
age=18
height=170
weight=100
gender="female"
is_ok=True
print("start...")
if 16 < age < 26 and height > 160 and gender == "female":
	print("开始表白。。。")
	if is_ok:
		print("在一起。。。")
	else:
		print("我们不太合适。。。")
else:
	print("阿姨好。。。")
print('end...')
 
# 4、if多分支
score = input("your score: ")  # score="99"
score = int(score)
if score >= 90:
    print("优秀")
elif score >= 80:
    print("良好")
elif score >= 70:
    print("普通")
else:
    print("很差")

2、while循环(条件循环)

print('start...')
while True:
	inp_name=input("username>>>: ")
	inp_pwd=input("password>>>: ")
	if inp_name == "egon" and inp_pwd == "123":
		print('login successful')
		break
	else:
		print('username or password error')
	print("stop...")
 
# 1、基本使用
count=0
while count < 6:
	print(count)
	count+=1
 
# 2、结束while循环的两种方式
# 方式一：条件改为假
# 方式二：break干掉本层循环
# 区别是：break会立即终止本层循环，而方式一需要等到下一次循环判断条件时才会生效
 
print('start...')
tag=True
while tag:
	inp_name=input("username>>>: ")
	inp_pwd=input("password>>>: ")
	if inp_name == "egon" and inp_pwd == "123":
		print('login successful')
		tag=False
		break
	else:
		print('username or password error')
print('=========================>')
print("stop...")
 
# 3、while+continue：终止本次循环，直接进入下一次
count=0
while count < 6:
	if count == 3:
		count += 1
		continue  # continue同级别之后一定不要写代码
	print(count)
	count+=1
 
# 4、while+else
count=0
while count < 6:
	if count == 3:
		break
	print(count)
	count+=1
else:
	print("==========>")  # 当while循环正常结束后才会执行
 
# 5、死循环
while True:
    x=input(">>: ")

2.1、while流程控制循环嵌套

登录账户(限制三次密码错误)

print("start...")
count = 0
tag = True
while tag:
    username = input("用户名：")
    password = input("密码：")
    if username == "wushu" and password == "123":
        print("登陆成功")
        while tag:
            print("""
0 退出
1 查询
2 转账
            """)
            opt = input("输入序号：")
            if opt == '0':
                tag = False
            elif opt == '1':
                print("查询")
            elif opt == '2':
                print("转账")
            else:
                print("请输入正确的序号")
    else:
        print("登录失败")
        count += 1
    if count == 3:
        print("输入密码错误超过最大次数")
        break
print("end...")

3、for循环

3.1 for循环也可以叫迭代循环

3.1.1 遍历值

names = ['egon', 'jason', 'alex', 'xu']
for name in names:
    print(name)

info = [["name", "egon"], ["age", 18], ["gender", "male"]]
for x, y in info:
    print(x, y)

3.1.2 range()

print(range(5))
print(range(1, 100))
li = []
for i in range(10, 20, 2):
    li.append(i)
    print(li)

for i in range(5, 0, -1):
    print(i)

l = [111, 222, 333, 444, 555]
i = len(l) - 1
while i >= 0:
    print(l[i])
    i -= 1

for x in range(len(l) - 1, -1, -1):
    print(l[x])

3.1.3 for 和 enumerate()

for x, y in enumerate(l):
    print(x, y)

3.1.4 for 和 break

for i in range(5):
    if i == 3:
        break
    print(i)

3.1.5 for 和 continue

for i in range(5):
    if i == 3:
        continue
    print(i)

3.1.6 for 和 else

for i in range(7):
    if i == 3:
        break
    print(i)
else:
    print("---xxxx")

3.1.7 嵌套多层for循环

for i in range(3):
    print("----------loop1----------> %s" % i)
    for j in range(5):
        print("---loop2----> %s" % j)