Python单例模式

在某些场景下，例如创建数据库操作对象，需要只实例化一个操作对象，这时候就要用到单例模式。

注意：在项目中，不同的Python文件调用单例时，最好使用绝对路径调用，或者同时保持相对路径调用，不然可能会出现两个异常，实例化的多个单例对象不相等。

1. 直接写单例的类（不带初始化参数）

class Singleton(object):
    __instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls.__instance is None:
            cls.__instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        return cls.__instance

    def __init__(self):
        super(Singleton, self).__init__()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s1 = Singleton()
    s2 = Singleton()
    print(s1 == s2)
    print(s1 is s2)
    print(id(s1), id(s2))

输出：

True
True
1303099836400 1303099836400

2. 直接写单例的类（带初始化参数）

class Singleton(object):
    __instance = None
    __testNumber = 0

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls.__instance is None:
            cls.__instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls)
        return cls.__instance

    def __init__(self, arg1):
        super(Singleton, self).__init__()
        self.arg1 = arg1
        print(self.arg1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s1 = Singleton("first")
    s2 = Singleton("second")
    print(s1 == s2)
    print(s1 is s2)
    print(id(s1), id(s2))
    print(s1.arg1, s2.arg1)

输出：可以看到，初始化里的变量也被修改了

first
second
True
True
1345714165744 1345714165744
second second

3. 通过元类(metaclass)来实现带参数的单例模式

class SingletonMeta(type):
    _instances = {}

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super(SingletonMeta, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]


class MySingleton(metaclass=SingletonMeta):
    def __init__(self, param):
        self.param = param
        print(self.param)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s1 = MySingleton('first')
    s2 = MySingleton('second')
    print(s1 == s2)
    print(s1 is s2)
    print(id(s1), id(s2))

输出：可以看到，第二次实例化传递参数‘second’后，并没有输出，返回的是上一个实例

first
True
True
2284281329696 2284281329696

4. 装饰器实现

def singleton(cls):
    instances = {}

    def get_instance(*args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in instances:
            instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return instances[cls]

    return get_instance


@singleton
class MySingleton:
    def __init__(self, param):
        self.param = param
        print(f"Initializing param: {param}")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s1 = MySingleton('first')
    s2 = MySingleton('second')
    print(s1 == s2)
    print(s1 is s2)
    print(id(s1), id(s2))

输出：

Initializing param: first
True
True
2386541910000 2386541910000