第十七章：运行时特性-gc:垃圾回收器-查找无法回收的对象引用

17.6.3 查找无法回收的对象引用
要在垃圾列表中查找哪个对象包含另一个对象的引用，这比查看一个对象引用了什么要麻烦一些。因为查找引用的代码本身也需要包含引用，所以需要忽略一些包含引用的对象（引用者）。下面这个例子创建了一个图环，然后处理Graph实例，并删除"父"节点中的引用。

import gc
import pprint


class Graph:

    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name
        self.next = None

    def set_next(self,next):
        print('Linking nodes {}.next = {}'.format(self,next))
        self.next = next

    def __repr__(self):
        return '{}({})'.format(
            self.__class__.__name__,self.name)

    def __del__(self):
        print('{}.__del__()'.format(self))


# Construct a graph cycle.
one = Graph('one')
two = Graph('two')
three = Graph('three')
one.set_next(two)
two.set_next(three)
three.set_next(one)

# Collecting now keeps the objects as uncollectable,
# but not garbage.
print()
print('Collecting...')
n = gc.collect()
print('Unreachable objects:',n)
print('Remaining Garbage:',end=' ')
pprint.pprint(gc.garbage)

# Ignore references from local variables in this module,global
# variables,and from the garbage collector's bookkeeping.
REFERRERS_TO_IGNORE = [locals(),globals(),gc.garbage]


def find_referring_graphs(obj):
    print('Looking for references to {!r}'.format(obj))
    referrers = (r for r in gc.get_referrers(obj)
                 if r not in REFERRERS_TO_IGNORE)
    for ref in referrers:
        if isinstance(ref,Graph):
            # A graph node
            yield ref
        elif isinstance(ref,dict):
            # An instance or other namespace dictionary
            for parent in find_referring_graphs(ref):
                yield parent


# Look for objects that refer to the objects i nthe graph.
print()
print('Clearing referrers:')
for obj in [one,two,three]:
    for ref in find_referring_graphs(obj):
        print('Found referrer:',ref)
        ref.set_next(None)
        del ref # Remove reference so the node can be deleted.
    del obj # Remove reference so the node can be deleted.

# Clear references held by gc.garbage.
print()
print('Clearing gc.garbage:')
del gc.garbage[:]
# Everything should have been freed this time.
print()
print('Collecting...')
n = gc.collect()
print('Unreachable objects:',n)
print('Remaining Garbage:',end=' ')
pprint.pprint(gc.garbage)

如果环是已知的，那么这种逻辑有些“大材小用”，不过对于数据中不可解释的环，使用get_referrers()可以发现未曾预料到的关系。