Linux常用命令（2）

主要介绍ifconfig、uname、uptime、free、who、last、histroy、sosreport命令

ifconfig

格式：ifconfig [网络设备] [参数]
作用：获取网卡配置与网络状态等信息

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:1f:0f:f7  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 28  bytes 1680 (1.6 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 260  bytes 22100 (21.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 260  bytes 22100 (21.5 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:f7:6b:be  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

虚机原因与实机有差别
主要关注inet后面的IP地址，ether后面的网卡物理地址（MAC地址），RX、TX的接受数据包与发送数据包的个数与累计流量

uname

格式：uname [-a]
作用：查看系统内核与系统版本等信息

[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Oct 19 11:24:13 EDT 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

uptime

格式：uptime
作用：查看系统的负载时间

[root@localhost ~]# uptime
 05:17:48 up 11 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.12, 0.15

显示当前系统时间、系统已运行时间、启动终端数量以及平均负载值等信息（最近1min、5min、15min的压力，最好不要长期超过1，生产环境不要超过5）。

free

格式：free [-h]
作用：显示当前系统中内存的使用量信息

[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1.8G        517M        828M         10M        477M        1.1G
Swap:          2.0G          0B        2.0G

total	used	free	shared
内存总量	已用量	可用量	进程共享的内存量

who

格式：who [参数]
作用：查看当前登入主机的用户信息

[root@localhost ~]# who
root     :0           2019-11-05 05:07 (:0)
root     pts/0        2019-11-05 05:10 (:0)

last

格式：last [参数]
作用：查看所有系统的登陆记录

[root@localhost ~]# last
root     pts/0        :0               Tue Nov  5 05:10   still logged in   
root     :0           :0               Tue Nov  5 05:07   still logged in   
(unknown :0           :0               Tue Nov  5 05:07 - 05:07  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-514.el7.x Tue Nov  5 05:06 - 05:26  (00:19)    
root     pts/0        :0               Mon Nov  4 04:43 - 22:00  (-6:-42)   
root     :0           :0               Mon Nov  4 04:42 - 22:00  (-6:-42)   
(unknown :0           :0               Mon Nov  4 04:42 - 04:42  (00:00)    
zhanglei pts/0        :0               Mon Nov  4 04:31 - 04:42  (00:11)    
zhanglei :0           :0               Mon Nov  4 04:30 - 04:42  (00:11)    
(unknown :0           :0               Mon Nov  4 04:30 - 04:30  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-514.el7.x Mon Nov  4 04:29 - 22:03  (-6:-26)   
zhanglei pts/0        :0               Sun Nov  3 21:03 - 21:03  (00:00)    
zhanglei :0           :0               Sun Nov  3 21:02 - 21:03  (00:01)    
(unknown :0           :0               Sun Nov  3 21:01 - 21:02  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-514.el7.x Sun Nov  3 21:00 - 22:03  (01:02)    

wtmp begins Sun Nov  3 21:00:36 2019

由于这些信息是以日志形式保存，很容易对其篡改，所以不要单纯以此命令作为参考。

history

格式：history [-c]
作用：用于显示历史执行过的命令

可用 [!编码数字] 来重复某一次命令

[root@localhost ~]# history
    1  date
    2  date -s "20191103 20:43:00"
    3  date "+%Y-&m-%d %H:%M:%S"
    4  date "+%Y-&M-%d %H:%M:%S"
    5  date "+%Y-%M-%d %H:%M:%S"
    6  date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
    7  date "+%j"
    8  ps
    9  ps aux
   10  top
   11  pidof top
   12  pidof md
   13  ipconfig
   14  ifconfig
   15  uname -a
   16  uptime
   17  free -h
   18  wgo
   19  who
   20  last
   21  history
[root@localhost ~]# !19
who
root     :0           2019-11-05 05:07 (:0)
root     pts/0        2019-11-05 05:10 (:0)

清空命令历史记录信息可执行：history -c

[root@localhost ~]# history -c
[root@localhost ~]# history
    1  history

sosreport

格式：sosreport
作用：收集系统配置及架构信息并输出诊断文档