目录
聚合函数
常用聚合函数
AVG/SUM
MAX/MIN
COUNT,
select 1,'aa'#此时表中没有此选项,它会扩展至每一行
可通过count(1)计算表有多少项。
count()只会记录不为空的项的个数,空的它会跳过。
因此计算表中记录数要使用
count(*)、count(1)、count(不含null的某一字段)
GROUP-BY使用
SELECT中出现非组函数的字段必须声明在GROUP BY中
HAVING使用
HAVING和GROUP BY一定要联合使用
WHERE与HAVING的对比
SQL底层执行原理
SELECT执行顺序
练习
子查询
子查询分类
单行、多行子查询
相关、不相关子查询
单行子查询
多行子查询
空值问题
相关子查询
EXIST和NOT EXIST
使用exist时注意,里面的select不能使用count(*),count(*)没有检索到 的话就是0,仍会返回true,需要使用具体的列。
子查询课后练习
#1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE e1.department_id = (
SELECT e.department_id
FROM employees e
WHERE e.last_name = 'Zlotkey'
)
#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees e
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
)
#3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name,job_id, salary
SELECT last_name,job_id, salary
FROM employees e
WHERE salary > ALL(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN'
)
#4.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
)
-- 5.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
)
-- 6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'King'
)
-- 7. 查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= ALL(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
)
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
-- 8. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT*
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(av_sa)
FROM (
SELECT department_id, avg(salary) av_sa
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) aa
)
)
**********************************************
SELECT*
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
SELECT avg(salary) av_sa
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
)
**********************************************
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d,(
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 0,1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = dept_avg_sal.department_id
-- 9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资(相关子查询)
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees e WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id ) avg_sal
-- SELECT d.*,avg(SELECT salary FROM employees e WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id ) avg_sal
-- AVG要对表的某一列数据进行求平均,对于单列的表,直接写avg(表)也是错误的。
-- select中也可以子查询,此处为啥是相关子查询,执行顺序是from ——>WHERE——>SELECT,
-- 所以前面select中调用是在d表的里面
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(av_sa)
FROM (
SELECT department_id, avg(salary) av_sa
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) aa
)
)
AVG()SELECT salary FROM employees e WHERE e.department_id = 50
-- 10. 查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
)
)
**********************************************
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MAX(avg_sla)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sla
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
) tablea
)
)
**********************************************
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 0,1
)
)
**********************************************
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j,(
SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) avg_sla
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 0, 1
) jid_avgsla
WHERE j.job_id = jid_avgsla.job_id
-- 11. 查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN (#错误使用了=,注意用=时必须是只有一个值
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id is not NULL#可以从此处先排除那些id为空的部门
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
)
)
-- 12. 查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE e.employee_id IN ( #IN的地方通常可以改写为exist
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id is not NULL#此句多余
)
**********************************************
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id
);
**********************************************
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.salary
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;
-- 13. 各个部门中 最高工资之中 最低的那个部门 的最低工资是多少?
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 0,1
)
**********************************************
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(max_sal)
FROM (
SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) dept_max_sal
)
);
-- 14. 查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name,department_id, email, salary
SELECT last_name,department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = (
SELECT manager_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= all(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
)
);
-- 15. 查询部门的部门号,其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id != (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
)
**********************************************
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id NOT IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
);
16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id is NULL
**********************************************
SELECT last_name
FROM employees e1
WHERE NOT EXISTS(#先写成exists的逻辑,在加not
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
)
-- 17.查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资,其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'
SELECT employee_id,last_name,hire_date,salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE employee_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = (
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'De Haan'
)
)
**********************************************
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.`employee_id` = e1.manager_id
AND e2.last_name = 'De Haan'
);
**********************************************
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'De Haan'
)
-- 18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资(难
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT count(*) #此处写count*,即便他检索到0个,但是仍返回true,所以应该用具体的某一列
SELECT department_id
FROM
(SELECT avg(salary) avg_sla,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id is not null
GROUP BY department_id
-- HAVING avg_sla > 1000000
) avg_did
WHERE e1.department_id = avg_did.department_id AND e1.salary > avg_did.avg_sla
)
**********************************************
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
SELECT avg(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.department_id = e1.department_id
)
**********************************************
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees e1,
(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees e2
GROUP BY department_id
) dept_avg_sal
WHERE e1.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e1.`salary` > dept_avg_sal.avg_sal;
-- 19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称
SELECT department_name,department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING count(department_id) > 5
)
**********************************************
SELECT department_name,department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
);
-- 20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号
SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments d
WHERE l.location_id = d.location_id
)