centos 系统 磁盘的挂载与使用

---

title: linux下设备的挂载与使用
tags: linux/storage

注：linux中的所有设备只有在经过挂载后才可以正常使用

挂载的分类

1.临时挂载（mount /设备目录 /挂载点目录）

临时挂载：

需要临时性的调用存储设备，可用临时挂载,重启后自动卸载
命令语法：
	mount /dev/sdb	/mnt/sdb
下面是一个临时挂载实例：
（1）[root@localhost ~]# lsblk			//查看分区表，是否有需要挂载的设备，如果没有在虚拟机添加即可
	NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	└─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
       ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
       └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	sdb             8:16   0   20G  0 disk 				//这里找到一个没有挂载的硬盘，sdb
	sr0            11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom

（2）[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f 				//查看分区表详细信息，是否被格式化
	NAME          FSTYPE      LABEL                  UUID                                   MOUNTPOINT
	sda                                                                                     
	├─sda1        xfs                                7b098c20-4c39-4404-b1b6-d9e74ea76731   /boot
	└─sda2        LVM2_member                        dgIvNr-jVu4-LMnp-RW5C-0az1-qH6A-C4XPuQ 
	  ├─rhel-root xfs                                c6732474-557a-472f-b4c9-63d47334f170   /
	  └─rhel-swap swap                               09c4d911-ba14-4886-95b8-aa9a321f0865   [SWAP]
	sdb                                          //在这里可以看到，sdb没有带文件系统                             
	sr0           iso9660     RHEL-7.6 Server.x86_64 2018-10-10-18-34-13-00                 /mnt/cdrom

（3）[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 				//对刚刚添加的硬盘进行一个分区操作
	Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
	
	Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
	Be careful before using the write command.
	
	Device does not contain a recognized partition table
	Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xbf9f7ca3.
	
	Command (m for help): n    //新建分区  
	Partition type:
	   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
	   e   extended
	Select (default p): 		//主分区和逻辑分区的选择，默认主分区
	Using default response p
	Partition number (1-4, default 1): 			//分区编号，一般默认
	First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 	//起始扇区，一般默认
	Using default value 2048
	Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): 	//结束扇区，一般+{K,M,G}
	Using default value 41943039
	Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set		//创建成功
	
	Command (m for help): w					//保存退出

（4）[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1				//对刚刚创建的分区进行格式化操作
	meta-data=/dev/sdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310656 blks
	         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
	         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
	data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242624, imaxpct=25
	         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
	naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
	log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
	         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
	realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

（5）[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb				//创建一个挂载点
（5）[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb
	[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
	NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	└─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
	  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
	  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	sdb             8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
	└─sdb1          8:17   0   20G  0 part /mnt/sdb      //这里可以看到以已经挂载到我们刚刚创建的挂载点上了
	sr0            11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom

2.永久性挂载（vim /etc/fstab）

永久性挂载：

一次挂载，永久生效
方法法：
	写入挂载表 vim /etc/fstab
	添加一行：
		/设备目录		/挂载点		 文件系统格式			挂载选项		硬盘开机检测 检测级别	
下面是一个永久挂载实例：

 （1）[root@localhost ~]# lsblk					//查看当前设备
	  NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	  sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	  ├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	  └─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
	    ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
	    └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	  sr0            11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  

 （2）添加一块硬盘，重启（在虚拟机设置里面有设置一个功能按钮，一直点到底就添加成功了）

 （3）[root@localhost ~]# lsblk			//可以查看一下我们添加一新硬盘为sdb
   	  NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	  sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	  ├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	  └─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
	    ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
	    └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	  sdb             8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
	  sr0            11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  


 （4）[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb			//我们在这里执行一个分区操作
	Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
	
	Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
	Be careful before using the write command.
	
	Device does not contain a recognized partition table
	Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x77251762.
	
	Command (m for help): n
	Partition type:
	   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
	   e   extended
	Select (default p): 
	Using default response p
	Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
	First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
	Using default value 2048
	Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): 
	Using default value 41943039
	Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set
	
	Command (m for help): 

 （5）[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1    //对刚刚的创建的分区进行一个格式化操作
	  meta-data=/dev/sdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310656 blks
	           =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
	           =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
	  data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242624, imaxpct=25
	           =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
	  naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
	  log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
	           =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
	  realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

 （6）[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
	  #
	  # /etc/fstab
	  # Created by anaconda on Mon Mar 18 03:41:38 2019
	  #
	  # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
	  # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
	  #
	  /dev/mapper/rhel-root   /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
	  UUID=7b098c20-4c39-4404-b1b6-d9e74ea76731 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
	  /dev/mapper/rhel-swap   swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
添加：/dev/sdb1				 /mnt/sdb				  xfs	  defaults	      0 0
	设备目录					 挂载点					文件系统     选项			  开机检查，检查级别

 （7）[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb				//刚刚忘了创建的挂载点

 （8）[root@localhost ~]# mount -a					//重读挂载表
 （9）[root@localhost ~]# lsblk						//查看挂载设备
	  NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	  sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	  ├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	  └─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
	    ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
	    └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	  sdb             8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
  	   └─sdb1          8:17   0   20G  0 part /mnt/sdb      //这里可以看到我们的sdb1已经挂载到/mnt/sdb上了，可以正常使用了
	  sr0            11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  

3.自动性挂载（vim /etc/fstab）

自动挂载：

有需要时触发条件，自动挂载，不使用时自动卸载
配置自动挂载流程：
（1）搭建Yum仓库
 [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/a.repo
 内容： 	[a]
		name=a
		gpgcheck=0
		enabled=1
		baseurl=file：///mnt/cdrom
 [root@localhost ~]# yum repolist
 Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
 This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
	a                                                                                   | 4.3 kB  00:00:00     
    (1/2): a/group_gz                                                                   | 146 kB  00:00:00     
    (2/2): a/primary_db                                                                 | 4.2 MB  00:00:00     
    repo id                                              repo name                                       status
    a                                                    a                                               5,152
    repolist: 5,152
	仓库搭建成功 

（2）[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y autofs      //安装自动挂载的组件程序包
	Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
	This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
	Resolving Dependencies
	--> Running transaction check
	---> Package autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-99.el7 will be installed
	--> Processing Dependency: libhesiod.so.0()(64bit) for package: 1:autofs-5.0.7-99.el7.x86_64
	--> Running transaction check
	---> Package hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7 will be installed
	--> Finished Dependency Resolution
	
	Dependencies Resolved
	
	===========================================================================================================
	 Package                 Arch                    Version                          Repository          Size
	===========================================================================================================
	Installing:
	 autofs                  x86_64                  1:5.0.7-99.el7                   a                  814 k
	Installing for dependencies:
	 hesiod                  x86_64                  3.2.1-3.el7                      a                   30 k
	
	Transaction Summary
	===========================================================================================================
	Install  1 Package (+1 Dependent package)
	
	Total download size: 843 k
	Installed size: 5.1 M
	Downloading packages:
	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Total                                                                       18 MB/s | 843 kB  00:00:00     
	Running transaction check
	Running transaction test
	Transaction test succeeded
	Running transaction
	  Installing : hesiod-3.2.1-3.el7.x86_64                                                               1/2 
	  Installing : 1:autofs-5.0.7-99.el7.x86_64                                                            2/2 
	a/productid                                                                         | 1.6 kB  00:00:00     
	  Verifying  : hesiod-3.2.1-3.el7.x86_64                                                               1/2 
	  Verifying  : 1:autofs-5.0.7-99.el7.x86_64                                                            2/2 
	
	Installed:
	  autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-99.el7                                                                             
	
	Dependency Installed:
	  hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7                                                                              
	
	Complete!

（3）[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/auto.master     //编辑主配置文件
添加一行：	
	/mnt/           /etc/auto.file          --timeout=30

（4）[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/auto.file		//映射文件，默认没有，自行创建
添加一行：
	redhat          -fstype=xfs     :/dev/sdb1

 (5)[root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f				//检查一下sdb是不是xfs格式，如果不是则需要自行格式化：mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb
	NAME          FSTYPE      LABEL                  UUID                                   MOUNTPOINT
	sda                                                                                     
	├─sda1        xfs                                7b098c20-4c39-4404-b1b6-d9e74ea76731   /boot
	└─sda2        LVM2_member                        dgIvNr-jVu4-LMnp-RW5C-0az1-qH6A-C4XPuQ 
	  ├─rhel-root xfs                                c6732474-557a-472f-b4c9-63d47334f170   /
	  └─rhel-swap swap                               09c4d911-ba14-4886-95b8-aa9a321f0865   [SWAP]
	sdb                                                                                     
	└─sdb1        xfs                                ad8d116b-6d99-441b-aca8-2ec798655d30   
	sr0           iso9660     RHEL-7.6 Server.x86_64 2018-10-10-18-34-13-00                 /mnt/cdrom


 (6)[root@localhost ~]# lsblk				//验证一下sdb1是没有挂载上去的
	NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	└─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
	  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
	  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	sdb             8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
	└─sdb1          8:17   0   20G  0 part 				//这里的挂载为空
	sr0            11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom

 (7)[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart autofs   		//重启服务
（8)[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/redhat					//触发条件
（9)[root@localhost ~]# lsblk							//验证一下有没有挂载上去
	NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	sda             8:0    0   40G  0 disk 
	├─sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
	└─sda2          8:2    0   39G  0 part 
	  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   37G  0 lvm  /
	  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
	sdb             8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
	└─sdb1          8:17   0   20G  0 part /mnt/redhat    //这里显示为挂载上去了
	sr0            11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom

(10)自动卸载,时间是我们在主配置文件里面写的"--timeout=30"的30s,如果闲置30s,则会自动卸载

###心得体会：
1.学习Linux是一件枯燥的事情,但学习linux也是一件有趣的事情
2.学习linux没有统一的标准，流程，学习linux是一个不断积累的过程
3.做的多了，会的也就多了，才算得上是懂了linux