先放一张文氏图震贴
现有数据如下
mysql> select * from user;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
| 4 | zhaoliu |
+----+----------+
mysql> select * from user_info;
+----+------+
| id | age |
+----+------+
| 1 | 20 |
| 2 | 21 |
| 3 | 23 |
+----+------+
- 首先谈一种笛卡尔积,即没有连接条件
mysql> select * from user, user_info;
+----+----------+----+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+----+----------+----+------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 1 | 20 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | 1 | 20 |
| 1 | zhangsan | 2 | 21 |
| 2 | lisi | 2 | 21 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | 2 | 21 |
| 1 | zhangsan | 3 | 23 |
| 2 | lisi | 3 | 23 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | 3 | 23 |
+----+----------+----+------+
# 可以看出两张表每一行都各自与另一张表的每一行组合
- 内连接,即取交集,可以写inner join 或 直接写join。即默认的Join就是inner join
mysql> select * from user join user_info on user.id = user_info.id;
+----+----------+----+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+----+----------+----+------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 2 | 21 |
+----+----------+----+------+
- 左外连接,这应该是关系型数据库用的最多的情况,即外键一对多,对左表数据进行扩充
mysql> select * from user left join user_info on user.id = user_info.id;
+----+----------+------+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+----+----------+------+------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 2 | 21 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | NULL | NULL |
+----+----------+------+------+
# 可以看出,当赵六没有年龄,就被置空了。
- 左内连接,去掉交集的部分,在左外连接的情况下,不要右表的任何数据
select * from user left join user_info on user.id = user_info.id where user_info.id is null;
+----+---------+------+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+----+---------+------+------+
| 4 | zhaoliu | NULL | NULL |
+----+---------+------+------+
# 可以看出,我要的就是右表为空的数据
- 右外连接,以右表为标准,即扩充右表
mysql> select * from user right join user_info on user.id = user_info.id;
+------+----------+----+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+------+----------+----+------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 2 | 21 |
| NULL | NULL | 3 | 23 |
+------+----------+----+------+
# 结合左外就很容易理解
- 右内连接,同理就是不要左表的数据
mysql> select * from user right join user_info on user.id = user_info.id where user.id is null;
+------+------+----+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+------+------+----+------+
| NULL | NULL | 3 | 23 |
+------+------+----+------+
- 全外连接,full outer join,即选择所有数据,但要注意交集的部分去重
select * from user left join user_info on user.id = user_info.id
-> union
-> select * from user right join user_info on user.id = user_info.id;
+------+----------+------+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+------+----------+------+------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 2 | 21 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | 3 | 23 |
+------+----------+------+------+
# 可以看出的是使用了union进行了去重
- 全内连接(名字不准确…), 即只要差集的部分
select * from user left join user_info on user.id = user_info.id where user_info.id is null
-> union
-> select * from user right join user_info on user.id = user_info.id where user.id is null;
+------+---------+------+------+
| id | name | id | age |
+------+---------+------+------+
| 4 | zhaoliu | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | 3 | 23 |
+------+---------+------+------+