变量&数据类型

变量&数据类型

变量描述

变量是计算机中一块特定的内存空间

• 8 bit 比特=1 byte 字节
• 由一个或者多个连续的字节组成

变量命名

• 首字母只能是字母，下划线
• 由字母，数字，下划线3种字符组成
• 不能是保留字/关键字

数据类型

常用数据类型

数据类型	符号	位数	取值范围
整型	int	32	-2147483648 到 2147483647
短整型	short int	16	-32768 到 32767
长整型	long int	32	-2147483648–
单精度浮点型	float	32
双精度浮点型	double	64
字符型	char	8	-128~+127

#include<iostream>  
#include<string>  
#include <limits>  
using namespace std;  
  
int main()  
{  
    cout << "type: \t\t" << "************size**************"<< endl;  
    cout << "bool: \t\t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(bool);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<bool>::max)();  
    cout << "\t\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<bool>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "char: \t\t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(char);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<char>::max)();  
    cout << "\t\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<char>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "signed char: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(signed char);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<signed char>::max)();  
    cout << "\t\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<signed char>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "unsigned char: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(unsigned char);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max)();  
    cout << "\t\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<unsigned char>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "wchar_t: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(wchar_t);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<wchar_t>::max)();  
    cout << "\t\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<wchar_t>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "short: \t\t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(short);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<short>::max)();  
    cout << "\t\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<short>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "int: \t\t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(int);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<int>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<int>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "unsigned: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(unsigned);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<unsigned>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<unsigned>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "long: \t\t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(long);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<long>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<long>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "unsigned long: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(unsigned long);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<unsigned long>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "double: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(double);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<double>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<double>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "long double: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(long double);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<long double>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<long double>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "float: \t\t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(float);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<float>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<float>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "size_t: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(size_t);  
    cout << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<size_t>::max)();  
    cout << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<size_t>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "string: \t" << "所占字节数：" << sizeof(string) << endl;  
    // << "\t最大值：" << (numeric_limits<string>::max)() << "\t最小值：" << (numeric_limits<string>::min)() << endl;  
    cout << "type: \t\t" << "************size**************"<< endl;  
    return 0;  
}

通过以上代码可以输出各个类型的信息。

使用整型变量

声明及初始化：

int score_totle;
short int studentNo;
long id_card;
studentNo =20;
id_card=201701;

使用单精度浮点型变量

• 位数：6
• 空间：4个字节
• 取值范围：-3.4E+38~+3.4E+38
• 6~7位有效数字

声明及初始化：

 float price=150.0;
 float cookies;
 cookies=98.5f;

使用双精度浮点型变量

• 位数：64
• 空间：8字节
• 取值范围：-1.7E308~1.7E308
• 15位有效数字

声明及初始化：

double total=1234.1234567;
double values;
values=999.9;

//头文件
#include"iomanip"
//控制cout显示精度
//强制以小数方式显示
cout <<fixed ;
//控制显示精度小数点后2位
cout << setprecision(2);
//控制宽度
cout <<setw(8);