数学模型与python科学计算的应用(2):Numpy创建数组

1、 什么是Numpy以及numpy数组？

• 面向数组
• 列表、字典
• 更加贴近硬件（用c语言编写的）

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,3,5])
a                               # 这里返回一个numpy.array对象

array([1, 3, 5])

# 对比以下python列表和array对象的性能比较，%timeit查看运行时间
L = range(1000)
%timeit [i**2 for i in L]

363 µs ± 14.4 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

a = np.arange(1000)
%timeit a**2

2.34 µs ± 24.9 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

如何查找（功能索引）

np.lookfor('create array')# 使用lookfor查找功能索引，索引内容可以是一些相关字符

Search results for 'create array'
---------------------------------
numpy.array
    Create an array.
numpy.memmap
    Create a memory-map to an array stored in a *binary* file on disk.
numpy.diagflat
    Create a two-dimensional array with the flattened input as a diagonal.
numpy.fromiter
    Create a new 1-dimensional array from an iterable object.
numpy.partition
    Return a partitioned copy of an array.
numpy.ctypeslib.as_array
    Create a numpy array from a ctypes array or a ctypes POINTER.
numpy.ma.diagflat
    Create a two-dimensional array with the flattened input as a diagonal.
numpy.ma.make_mask
    Create a boolean mask from an array.
numpy.ctypeslib.as_ctypes
    Create and return a ctypes object from a numpy array.  Actually
numpy.ma.mrecords.fromarrays
    Creates a mrecarray from a (flat) list of masked arrays.
numpy.ma.mvoid.__new__
    Create a new masked array from scratch.
numpy.lib.format.open_memmap
    Open a .npy file as a memory-mapped array.
numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__new__
    Create a new masked array from scratch.
numpy.lib.arrayterator.Arrayterator
    Buffered iterator for big arrays.
numpy.ma.mrecords.fromtextfile
    Creates a mrecarray from data stored in the file `filename`.
numpy.asarray
    Convert the input to an array.
numpy.ndarray
    ndarray(shape, dtype=float, buffer=None, offset=0,
numpy.recarray
    Construct an ndarray that allows field access using attributes.
numpy.chararray
    chararray(shape, itemsize=1, unicode=False, buffer=None, offset=0,
numpy.pad
    Pads an array.
numpy.asanyarray
    Convert the input to an ndarray, but pass ndarray subclasses through.
numpy.copy
    Return an array copy of the given object.
numpy.diag
    Extract a diagonal or construct a diagonal array.
numpy.load
    Load arrays or pickled objects from ``.npy``, ``.npz`` or pickled files.
numpy.sort
    Return a sorted copy of an array.
numpy.array_equiv
    Returns True if input arrays are shape consistent and all elements equal.
numpy.dtype
    Create a data type object.
numpy.choose
    Construct an array from an index array and a set of arrays to choose from.
numpy.nditer
    Efficient multi-dimensional iterator object to iterate over arrays.
numpy.swapaxes
    Interchange two axes of an array.
numpy.full_like
    Return a full array with the same shape and type as a given array.
numpy.ones_like
    Return an array of ones with the same shape and type as a given array.
numpy.empty_like
    Return a new array with the same shape and type as a given array.
numpy.ma.mrecords.MaskedRecords.__new__
    Create a new masked array from scratch.
numpy.nan_to_num
    Replace nan with zero and inf with finite numbers.
numpy.zeros_like
    Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as a given array.
numpy.asarray_chkfinite
    Convert the input to an array, checking for NaNs or Infs.
numpy.diag_indices
    Return the indices to access the main diagonal of an array.
numpy.chararray.tolist
    a.tolist()
numpy.ma.choose
    Use an index array to construct a new array from a set of choices.
numpy.savez_compressed
    Save several arrays into a single file in compressed ``.npz`` format.
numpy.matlib.rand
    Return a matrix of random values with given shape.
numpy.ma.empty_like
    Return a new array with the same shape and type as a given array.
numpy.ma.make_mask_none
    Return a boolean mask of the given shape, filled with False.
numpy.ma.mrecords.fromrecords
    Creates a MaskedRecords from a list of records.
numpy.around
    Evenly round to the given number of decimals.
numpy.source
    Print or write to a file the source code for a NumPy object.
numpy.diagonal
    Return specified diagonals.
numpy.einsum_path
    Evaluates the lowest cost contraction order for an einsum expression by
numpy.histogram2d
    Compute the bi-dimensional histogram of two data samples.
numpy.fft.ifft
    Compute the one-dimensional inverse discrete Fourier Transform.
numpy.fft.ifftn
    Compute the N-dimensional inverse discrete Fourier Transform.
numpy.busdaycalendar
    A business day calendar object that efficiently stores information

导入惯例

一般使用下面的方式调用numpy库

import numpy as np

2、创建数组

手动创建数组的方法

a = np.array([0,1,2,3])
a                          # 创建一个array对象

array([0, 1, 2, 3])

a.ndim             # 使用array.ndim查看数组的维度

1

b = np.array([[0,1,2,3],
              [2,4,6,8]])
print(b.shape)           # array.shape查看数组的形状，返回一个数组，第一个元素代表多少行，第二个元素代表多少列
print(a.shape)           # 上文中a的定义为列向量

(2, 4)
(4,)

print(len(a))            #这是python自带的len函数
print(len(b))

4
2

• 二维向量，可以说矩阵的定义

b = np.array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])    # 2 x 3 数组
b

array([[0, 1, 2],
       [3, 4, 5]])

• 三维数组

c = np.array([[[1], [2]], 
              [[3], [4]]])
c                             # 三维数组

array([[[1],
        [2]],

       [[3],
        [4]]])

c.shape

(2, 2, 1)

用函数创建数组

d = np.arange(10)         # 用法类似python的range()函数
d

array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

a1= np.linspace(0, 1, 20)   # 起点、终点、数据点,是否包括终点
a1

array([ 0.        ,  0.05263158,  0.10526316,  0.15789474,  0.21052632,
        0.26315789,  0.31578947,  0.36842105,  0.42105263,  0.47368421,
        0.52631579,  0.57894737,  0.63157895,  0.68421053,  0.73684211,
        0.78947368,  0.84210526,  0.89473684,  0.94736842,  1.        ])

a2= np.linspace(0, 1, 20,endpoint= False)   # 起点、终点、数据点,是否包括终点
a2

array([ 0.  ,  0.05,  0.1 ,  0.15,  0.2 ,  0.25,  0.3 ,  0.35,  0.4 ,
        0.45,  0.5 ,  0.55,  0.6 ,  0.65,  0.7 ,  0.75,  0.8 ,  0.85,
        0.9 ,  0.95])

a3 = np.ones((4,4))                        # 参数是一个元组，表示几行几列
a3

array([[ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.]])

a4 = np.ones((3,3,3))
a4                                          # 也可以创建一个高维的

array([[[ 1.,  1.,  1.],
        [ 1.,  1.,  1.],
        [ 1.,  1.,  1.]],

       [[ 1.,  1.,  1.],
        [ 1.,  1.,  1.],
        [ 1.,  1.,  1.]],

       [[ 1.,  1.,  1.],
        [ 1.,  1.,  1.],
        [ 1.,  1.,  1.]]])

a5 = np.zeros((3,5,7))
a5                              #用法与ones类似

array([[[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]],

       [[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]],

       [[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
        [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]]])

a6 = np.eye(4,2)         # 创建一个最简阶梯矩阵
a7 = np.eye(5)           # 创建一个单位矩阵
print(a6)
print(a7)

[[ 1.  0.]
 [ 0.  1.]
 [ 0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.]]
[[ 1.  0.  0.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  1.  0.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  1.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  0.  1.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  0.  0.  1.]]

a8 = np.diag(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]))    #创建一个对角矩阵，传入的参数是一个一维array对象
a8

array([[1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 2, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 3, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 4]])

numpy库中的random

b1 = np.random.rand(4)        # 服从(0,1)的均匀分布
b1

array([ 0.45353327,  0.4396774 ,  0.89103721,  0.05761257])

b2 = np.random.randn(4)          #服从高斯分布的随机数
b2

array([ 0.31269526,  2.25998574, -2.25694432,  0.50817828])

np.random.seed(1234)        # 指定种子，与标准库random的seed方法特别像，设置相同的种子，后续产生的随机数相同
b3 = np.random.randint(1,10)         
print(b3)
b4 = np.random.randint(1,10)
print(b4)

np.random.seed(1234)         #再次使用的种子，产生相同的随机数
b5 = np.random.randint(1,10)
print(b3)