Mysql数据库的基本操作

– 数据的准备
– 创建一个数据库
create database python_test charset=utf8;

-- 使用一个数据库
use python_test;

-- 显示使用的当前数据是哪个?
select database();

-- 创建一个数据表
-- students表
create table students(
    id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
    name varchar(20) default '',
    age tinyint unsigned default 0,
    height decimal(5,2),
    gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
    cls_id int unsigned default 0,
    is_delete bit default 0
);

-- classes表
create table classes (
    id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
    name varchar(30) not null
);

– 查询
– 查询所有字段
– select * from 表名;
select * from students;
select * from classes;
select id, name from classes;

-- 查询指定字段
-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
select name, age from students;

-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
-- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;
select name as 姓名, age as 年龄 from students;

-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
select students.name, students.age from students;


-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
select students.name, students.age from students;
select s.name, s.age from students as s;
-- 失败的select students.name, students.age from students as s;


-- 消除重复行
-- distinct 字段
select distinct gender from students;

– 条件查询
– 比较运算符
– select … from 表名 where …
– >
– 查询大于18岁的信息
select * from students where age>18;
select id,name,gender from students where age>18;

	-- <
	-- 查询小于18岁的信息
	select * from students where age<18;

	-- >=
	-- <=
	-- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息

	-- =
	-- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
	select * from students where age=18;


	-- != 或者 <>


-- 逻辑运算符
	-- and
	-- 18到28之间的所以学生信息
	select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
	-- 失败select * from students where age>18 and <28;


	-- 18岁以上的女性
	select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
	select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;


	-- or
	-- 18以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上
	select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;


	-- not
	-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
	-- select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
	select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

	-- 年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
	select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;


-- 模糊查询
	-- like 
	-- % 替换1个或者多个
	-- _ 替换1个
	-- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
	select name from students where name="小";
	select name from students where name like "小%";

	-- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
	select name from students where name like "%小%";

	-- 查询有2个字的名字
	select name from students where name like "__";

	-- 查询有3个字的名字
	select name from students where name like "__";

	-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
	select name from students where name like "__%";


	-- rlike 正则
	-- 查询以 周开始的姓名
	select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";

	-- 查询以 周开始、伦结尾的姓名
	select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";


-- 范围查询
	-- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄为18、34的姓名
	select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
	select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
	select name,age from students where age in (12, 18, 34);


	
	-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
	-- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
	select name,age from students where age not in (12, 18, 34);


	-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
	select name, age from students where age between 18 and 34;

	
	-- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
	select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
	select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
	-- 失败的select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);


-- 空判断
	-- 判空is null
	-- 查询身高为空的信息
	select * from students where height is null;
	select * from students where height is NULL;
	select * from students where height is Null;

	-- 判非空is not null
	select * from students where height is not null;

– 排序
– order by 字段
– asc从小到大排列，即升序
– desc从大到小排序，即降序

-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到到排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;


-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;


-- order by 多个字段
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,id desc;


-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc,id desc;


-- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
select * from students order by age asc, height desc;

– 聚合函数
– 总数
– count
– 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
select * from students where gender=1;
select count() from students where gender=1;
select count() as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;

-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年龄
select age from students;
select max(age) from students;

-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(height) from students where gender=2;

-- 最小值
-- min


-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) from students;


-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年龄
select avg(age) from students;


-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
select sum(age)/count(*) from students;


-- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 2) from students;
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 3) from students;

-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
select round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
-- select name, round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;

– 分组

-- group by
-- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
select name from students group by gender;
select * from students group by gender;
select gender from students group by gender;
-- 失败select * from students group by gender;

-- 计算每种性别中的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;


-- 计算男性的人数
select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;


-- group_concat(...)
-- 查询同种性别中的姓名
select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender,group_concat(name, age, id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender,group_concat(name, "_", age, " ", id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;

-- having
-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
select gender, group_concat(name),avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;

-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;

– 分页
– limit start, count

-- 限制查询出来的数据个数
select * from students where gender=1 limit 2;

-- 查询前5个数据
select * from students limit 0, 5;

-- 查询id6-10（包含）的书序
select * from students limit 5, 5;


-- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
select * from students limit 0,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
select * from students limit 2,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
select * from students limit 4,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
select * from students limit 6,2; -- -----> limit (第N页-1)*每个的个数, 每页的个数;

-- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
-- 失败select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;
-- 失败select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;

select * from students where gender=2 order by height desc limit 0,2;

– 连接查询
– inner join … on

-- select ... from 表A inner join 表B;
select * from students inner join classes;

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

-- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
select students.*, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
select students.name, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

-- 给数据表起名字
select s.name, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息，只显示班级名称
select s.*, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

-- 在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
-- select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on .... order by ....;
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;

-- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;

-- left join
-- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

-- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... where .....
-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... having .....
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.id is null;
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.id is null;

-- right join   on
-- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

– 自关联
– 省级联动 url:http://demo.lanrenzhijia.com/2014/city0605/

-- 查询所有省份
select * from areas where pid is null;

-- 查询出山东省有哪些市
select * from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";

-- 查询出青岛市有哪些县城
select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="青岛市";
select * from areas where pid=(select aid from areas where atitle="青岛市")

– 子查询
– 标量子查询
– 查询出高于平均身高的信息

-- 查询最高的男生信息
select * from students where height = 188;
select * from students where height = (select max(height) from students);

-- 列级子查询
-- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的学生信息
-- select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);

========================================================================

– 数据库的操作

-- 链接数据库
mysql -uroot -p
mysql -uroot -pmysql

-- 退出数据库
exit/quit/ctrl+d


-- sql语句最后需要有分号;结尾
-- 显示数据库版本
select version();

-- 显示时间
select now();

-- 查看所有数据库
show databases;


-- 创建数据库
-- create database 数据库名 charset=utf8;
create database python04;
create database python04new charset=utf8;


-- 查看创建数据库的语句
-- show crate database ....
show create database python04;


-- 查看当前使用的数据库
select database();

-- 使用数据库
-- use 数据库的名字
use python04new;

-- 删除数据库
-- drop database 数据库名;
drop database python04;

– 数据表的操作

-- 查看当前数据库中所有表
show tables;


-- 创建表
-- auto_increment表示自动增长
-- not null 表示不能为空
-- primary key 表示主键
-- default 默认值
-- create table 数据表名字 (字段 类型 约束[, 字段 类型 约束]);
create table xxxxx(id int, name varchar(30));
create table yyyyy(id int primary key not null auto_increment, name varchar(30));
create table zzzzz(
    id int primary key not null auto_increment,
    name varchar(30)
);

-- 查看表结构
-- desc 数据表的名字;
desc xxxxx;

-- 创建students表(id、name、age、high、gender、cls_id)
create table students(
    id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
    name varchar(30),
    age tinyint unsigned default 0,
    high decimal(5,2),
    gender enum("男", "女", "中性", "保密") default "保密",
    cls_id int unsigned
);

insert into students values(0, "老王", 18, 188.88, "男", 0);
select * from students;

-- 创建classes表(id、name)
create table classes(
    id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
    name varchar(30)
);

insert into classes values(0, "python04大神");
select * from classes;

-- 查看表的创建语句
-- show create table 表名字;
show create table students;


-- 修改表-添加字段
-- alter table 表名 add 列名 类型;
alter table students add birthday datetime;


-- 修改表-修改字段：不重命名版
-- alter table 表名 modify 列名 类型及约束;
alter table students modify birthday date;


-- 修改表-修改字段：重命名版
-- alter table 表名 change 原名 新名 类型及约束;
alter table students change birthday birth date default "2000-01-01";


-- 修改表-删除字段
-- alter table 表名 drop 列名;
alter table students drop high;


-- 删除表
-- drop table 表名;
-- drop database 数据库;
-- drop table 数据表;
drop table xxxxx;

– 增删改查(curd)

-- 增加
    -- 全列插入
    -- insert [into] 表名 values(...)
    -- 主键字段 可以用 0  null   default 来占位
    -- 向classes表中插入 一个班级
    insert into classes values(0, "菜鸟班");


    +--------+-------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
    | Field  | Type                                | Null | Key | Default    | Extra          |
    +--------+-------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
    | id     | int(10) unsigned                    | NO   | PRI | NULL       | auto_increment |
    | name   | varchar(30)                         | YES  |     | NULL       |                |
    | age    | tinyint(3) unsigned                 | YES  |     | 0          |                |
    | gender | enum('男','女','中性','保密')       | YES  |     | 保密       |                |
    | cls_id | int(10) unsigned                    | YES  |     | NULL       |                |
    | birth  | date                                | YES  |     | 2000-01-01 |                |
    +--------+-------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+

    -- 向students表插入 一个学生信息
    insert into students values(0, "小李飞刀", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");
    insert into students values(null, "小李飞刀", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");
    insert into students values(default, "小李飞刀", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");

    -- 失败
    -- insert into students values(default, "小李飞刀", 20, "第4性别", 1, "1990-02-01");

    -- 枚举中 的 下标从1 开始 1---“男” 2--->"女"....
    insert into students values(default, "小李飞刀", 20, 1, 1, "1990-02-01");

    -- 部分插入
    -- insert into 表名(列1,...) values(值1,...)
    insert into students (name, gender) values ("小乔", 2);


    -- 多行插入
    insert into students (name, gender) values ("大乔", 2),("貂蝉", 2);
    insert into students values(default, "西施", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01"), (default, "王昭君", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");


-- 修改
-- update 表名 set 列1=值1,列2=值2... where 条件;
    update students set gender=1; -- 全部都改
    update students set gender=1 where name="小李飞刀"; -- 只要name是小李飞刀的 全部的修改
    update students set gender=1 where id=3; -- 只要id为3的 进行修改
    update students set age=22, gender=1 where id=3; -- 只要id为3的 进行修改

-- 查询基本使用
    -- 查询所有列
    -- select * from 表名;
    select * from students;

    ---定条件查询
    select * from students where name="小李飞刀"; -- 查询 name为小李飞刀的所有信息
    select * from students where id>3; -- 查询 name为小李飞刀的所有信息


    -- 查询指定列
    -- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
    select name,gender from students;


    -- 可以使用as为列或表指定别名
    -- select 字段[as 别名] , 字段[as 别名] from 数据表 where ....;
    select name as 姓名,gender as 性别 from students;


    -- 字段的顺序
    select id as 序号, gender as 性别, name as 姓名 from students;


-- 删除
    -- 物理删除
    -- delete from 表名 where 条件
    delete from students; -- 整个数据表中的所有数据全部删除
    delete from students where name="小李飞刀";

    -- 逻辑删除
    -- 用一个字段来表示 这条信息是否已经不能再使用了
    -- 给students表添加一个is_delete字段 bit 类型
    alter table students add is_delete bit default 0;
    update students set is_delete=1 where id=6;