IT常用英语

参考来源：Lilly Balaban和Olga Tomilova老师的课程English For IT Professionals 2.0
Reference source: English For IT Professionals 2.0 by Lilly Balaban and Olga Tomilova.

1. 公司 Company

日常交流中，常用以下几个词汇代表公司：

• company

  我工作的这家软件公司以其创新产品而闻名。
  The software company I work for is known for its innovative products.

• enterprise

  我们家族企业已经运营了三十多年。
  Our family-owned enterprise has been operating for over three decades.

• firm

  这家律师事务所专门从事知识产权和专利法律。
  The law firm specializes in intellectual property rights and patent law.

• business

  开设一家小型企业需要仔细的规划和奉献精神。
  Starting a small business requires careful planning and dedication.

• organization

  这个非营利组织致力于为农村社区提供清洁的水资源。
  The non-profit organization is dedicated to providing clean water to rural communities.

还有以下几个比较少见的：

• Entity

  去年，这家科技初创公司被注册为一个法律实体。
  The tech startup was registered as a legal entity last year.

• Establishment

  新分公司的建立标志着公司的重要扩张。
  The establishment of the new branch marked a significant expansion for the company.

• Institution

  这个教育机构提供多种课程和项目。
  The educational institution offers a wide range of programs and courses.

• Outfit

  我们的时尚公司专注于可持续和环保的服装。
  Our fashion outfit specializes in sustainable and eco-friendly clothing.

• corporation

  这家跨国公司在全球50多个国家开展业务。
  The multinational corporation operates in over 50 countries worldwide.

1.1 公司类型 Type of Companies

大多数IT公司可以分为：

1. 产品型公司：以产品为主要业务模式的公司，开发并销售软件产品。
   Product-based: A company with a product-based business model that develops and sells software products.

2. 服务型公司：以服务为主要业务模式的公司，提供咨询和定制解决方案服务。
   Service-based: A company with services-based business model, providing consulting and customized solution services.

3. IT咨询公司：提供各种信息技术方面的咨询，帮助客户解决技术上的难题，优化业务流程。
   IT Consulting companies: provide various consultations in information technology, help clients solve technical problems, and optimize business processes.

4. 全球内部中心：跨国公司通常会在一些成本较低的地理位置设立内部中心以满足其IT需求。
   GIC (Global in-house Center): Centers set up by global organizations usually in lower cost geographies to fulfill their IT needs.

1.2 公司规模 Size of companies

1. 初创公司
   start-up
   一家新成立的小公司。
   A new small company.

   初创公司收到了风险投资家的大笔投资，用于开发其创新技术。
   The start-up received a significant investment from venture capitalists to develop its innovative technology.

2. 小型（企业）
   small: 1 - 100

3. 中型（企业）
   midsize: 101 - 999

4. 中小型（企业）
   small to medium enterprise (SME)

5. 大型（企业）
   large: 1000+

6. corporation
   集团：一家大型组织或一群公司，被授权作为一个单一实体行事，并在法律上被认可。
   corporation: a large organization or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law.

   作为科技行业的领先公司，他们不断创新和开发新产品。
   As a leading corporation in the tech industry, they are constantly innovating and developing new products.

7. multinational corporation (MNC)
   跨国集团，在两个或两个以上国家运营的大公司。
   multinational corporation, a large enterprise that operates in multiple countries.

   这家跨国公司在多个国家运营，向全球市场提供各种产品和服务。
   The multinational corporation operates in various countries, offering a diverse range of products and services to global markets.

1.3 商业模式 Business Models

1. B2C
   企业对消费者：企业直接向消费者销售产品或服务。
   Business to consumer: Directly selling products or services to consumers.

2. B2B
   企业对企业：企业之间进行交易、合作或交换产品、服务或信息。
   Business to Business: engaging in transactions, collaborations, or exchanges of products, services, or information between businesses.

1.4 业务外包 Outsourcing

业务外包(使用外部资源的)：将组织内部的某些业务功能或流程委托给外部的专业服务提供商，以降低成本、提高效率和专注核心业务。
Outsourcing (outside-resource-using): the practice of delegating certain business functions or processes from within an organization to external specialized service providers, aiming to reduce costs, enhance efficiency, and focus on core business operations.

我们的公司已经将客服业务外包给了专业的服务提供商，以提高客户满意度并降低运营成本。
Our company has outsourced customer service to a specialized service provider to improve customer satisfaction and reduce operational costs.

1.5 公司描述 Description of company

如何谈论你的公司？
How to talk about your company?

1. 成立时间（成立于/ 创建于）
   to be launched/ to be started

   公司将在下个月成立，为市场带来一款革命性的产品。
   The company is to be launched next month, bringing a revolutionary product to the market.

2. 地理位置（位于）
   to be based in/ to be located in(at)
   at + building 常用于表述位于某个大楼

   新的区域办事处计划设立在法国巴黎，以更好地服务我们的欧洲客户。
   The new regional office is scheduled to be based in Paris, France, to better serve our European clients.

3. 公司目标（目标/ 使命）
   goal/ mission

   我们公司的目标是创造适合各类玩家的游戏。
   Our company’s goal is to create games suitable for all kinds of gamers.

   投资者们相信我们初创公司的使命，所以我们获得了资金。
   The investors believed in our start-up’s mission, and we got the money.

4. 公司赛道/ 领域（专注于/ 专业是）
   specialize in

   我们公司专注于数据科学。
   Our company specializes in Data Science.

5. 公司服务对象（受众/目标群体）
   target/ target audience

   青少年是我们应用程序的目标受众。
   Teenagers are the target audience for our app.

   我们的应用程序主要针对大学生群体。
   Our app targets college-aged adults.

6. 子公司
   subsidiary

   这家跨国公司在中国设立了一家子公司，以扩大其在亚太地区的市场份额。
   The multinational corporation established a subsidiary in China to expand its market presence in the Asia-Pacific region.

7. 分所 / 分公司
   branch office
   公司在不同地理位置的办公地点。
   an office of a company in a different geographical location.

   公司决定在市中心开设一家分公司，以便更好地为市区客户提供服务。
   The company decided to open a branch office in the city center to better serve its customers in the urban area.

8. 公司招聘（雇用）
   employ/ hire

   公司计划下个月雇佣十名新工程师，以支持业务的扩张。
   The company plans to employ ten new engineers next month to support the expansion of its operations.

9. 公司研发（开发/创造）
   develop/ create

   我们公司开发网络安全产品。
   Our company develops cyber security products.

   我们公司提供个性化的软件解决方案。
   Our company creates personalized software solutions.

10. 公司业务（交付/提供）
    deliver/ offer

    我们提供广泛的咨询服务，帮助企业优化运营并实现目标。
    We offer a wide range of consulting services to help businesses optimize their operations and achieve their goals.

    我们公司提供高质量的软件解决方案，以满足客户特定的需求。
    Our company delivers high-quality software solutions tailored to our clients’ specific needs.

11. 公司收购
    acquire/ acquisition

    公司宣布收购一家小型初创公司，以增强其数字服务组合。
    The company announced the acquisition of a small startup to enhance its portfolio of digital services.

12. 公司合并
    *merge
    两个公司/ 业务合并到一起成为一个新的公司/ 业务。
    Two separate companies/ operations are combined together to create new organization/ operation.

    这两家公司决定合并业务，以打造更强大的市场存在。
    The two companies decided to merge their operations to create a stronger market presence.

2. 软件开发周期 SDLC

软件开发周期：软件生成的过程。
Software Development Life Cycle: The process of software creation.

网上的观点大同小异，都可以分为6个阶段：
There are many different views on the internet, all of which can be categorized into 6 stages:

2.1 需求收集 Requirements collection

Requirements gathering/ Initial analysis/ Planning

2.1.1 活动 Activities

• 收集并记录业务需求。
  Gathering and documenting business requirements.

  收集所有需求并按一定顺序排列，并且以书面形式把这些内容记录下来。
  Gather all the requirements and put them in a certain order and document these in writing.

• 利益相关方提供意见。
  stakeholders give their input.

  input = 为项目提供的想法或知识。
  ideas or knowledge that someone gives to a project.

• 概述项目范围、预算、资源、期限、潜在风险和质量保证要求。
  Project scope is outlined, budget, resources, deadlines, and potential risks and quality assurance requirements are defined.

  project scope = 包括项目的具体目标、可交付成果、任务、成本和时间表等等。
  Including specific goals, deliverables, tasks, costs, and timelines etc for the project.

2.1.2 涉及到的人员 Persons involved

• 业务分析员BA
  Business Analyst

• 课题（领域）专家
  Subject matter expert

  subject matter expert (SME) = 在特定学科、业务领域或技术领域拥有知识和专长的人。
  a person who has knowledge and expertise in a specific subject, business area, or technical area.

• 主要利益相关方（客户，合作伙伴，其他机构，开发团队等等）
  Major stakeholders (customer, partners, other institutions, development team etc)

• 项目经理
  Project manager

• 项目管理办公室
  PMO - Project Management Office

2.2 设计 Design

Prototyping/ Systems design/ Architecture design

2.2.1 活动 Activities

• 将软件需求转化为设计。
  Translate software development requirements into design.

• 需要设计整个系统框架及其组件的详细内容（包括高级设计和低级设计）
  The detailed contents include designing the entire system framework and its components (including high-level design and low-level design)

  high-level design (HLD) = 涉及系统的整体架构和组件之间的关系，描述了系统的功能模块、模块之间的交互、数据流、接口和外部依赖关系。
  Dealing with the overall architecture of the system and the relationships between components, describing the system’s functional modules, interactions between modules, data flows, interfaces, and external dependencies.

  low-level design (LLD) = 更加详细，通常涉及系统中每个模块或组件的具体实现细节，包括了类、方法、函数、数据结构、算法等的详细设计，由开发团队根据HLD提供的指导和要求进行编写。
  More detailed, usually involving the specific implementation details of each module or component in the system, including the detailed design of classes, methods, functions, data structures, algorithms, etc., written by the development team in accordance with the guidance and requirements provided by the HLD.

  简而言之，HLD关注于整体系统架构和模块之间的关系，而LLD则更关注于模块内部的具体实现细节。
  In short, HLD focuses on the overall system architecture and the relationships between modules, while LLD focuses more on the specific implementation details within the modules.

• 用户界面、系统界面、网络和网络要求、数据库的设计。
  The design of user interfaces, system interfaces, network and network requirements, databases.

• 制定运行、培训和维护计划，使开发人员知道在整个周期的每个阶段需要做什么。
  Operation, training, and maintenance plans are drawn up so that developers know what they need to do throughout every stage of the cycle.

  draw up = 准备某事的草稿
  create a draft of something.

2.2.2 涉及到的人员 Persons involved

• 业务分析员BA
  Business Analyst

• 解决方案架构师
  Solution architect

• 项目经理
  Project Manager

• 项目团队（开发人员，测试人员，质量保证专家，UI/ UX设计师）
  Project team (developers, tester, QA specialists, UI/UX designers)

• 客户代表、企业代表/ 利益相关者
  Client representatives, business representatives/ stakeholders

2.3 开发 Development

software development/ implementation/ building

在这个阶段中生成实际的代码。
on this stage the actual code is being created.

2.3.1 活动 Activities

• 软件开发人员根据设计文档为所有组件编写代码。
  Software developers write code for all components based on design documents.

  component = 组件/ (软件的)一部分
  a part of the whole software/ product

• 根据设计文件的规格构建程序代码。
  Program code is built per the design document specifications.

  per = 根据/ 按照
  according to

  specification/ technical specification (tech spec) = 说明产品功能以及如何实现这些目标的文档。
  a document that explains what a product will do and how to achieve these goals.

• 每个开发人员都必须遵守商定好的蓝图。
  Every developer has to stick to the agreed blueprint.

  to stick to something = 持续做某事而不中途改变，遵循规范。
  to keep doing a particular thing and not change to anything else, to follow the specification.

  blueprint = 如何做某事的详细计划。
  a detailed plan of how to do something.

• 根据团队成员各自的专业领域（前端开发人员、后端开发人员、数据库管理员等）进行任务分工。
  The tasks are divided among the team members according to their area of specialization (front-end developers, back-end developers, database administrators etc).

• 这是最耗时的阶段。
  It is the most time-consuming phase.

  time-consuming = 使用或占用大量时间。
  using or taking up a lot of time.

• 这个阶段的成果是一个可运行的软件产品。
  The result of this phase is a working software product.

2.3.2 涉及到的人员 Persons involved

• 开发人员
  Developers

• 设计师
  Designers

• 业务分析员BA
  Business Analyst

• 项目经理
  Project Manager

• 其他利益相关者
  other stakeholders

2.3.3 工具 Tools

2.3.3.1 编译器 compiler

一个计算机程序，它将用编程语言（如 C、Java 等）编写的指令集翻译成机器语言，以执行/运行这些指令。
A computer program that translates a set of instructions written in a programming language (such as C, Java etc) into machine language to execute/ run these in instructions.

2.3.3.2 调试器 debugger

一个可以让你逐行查看程序代码的程序。当你试图找出错误代码并分析程序如何 "流动 "时，这非常有用。
A program that allows you to go through your program code line by line. This is very useful when you try to identify incorrect code and analyze how a program “flows”.

2.3.3.3 解释器 interpreter

一个计算机程序，直接执行以编程语言或脚本语言编写的指令。
A computer program that directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language.

2.4 测试 Testing

Integration and testing
由所有生命周期活动（包括静态和动态活动）组成的过程，涉及部件或系统及相关工作产品的规划、准备和评估，以确定其满足特定要求，证明其适用性并检测缺陷。
The process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of a component or system and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirement, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects.

2.4.1 活动 Activities

• 目标是确保软件能满足需求。
  The goal is to ensure the software meets requirements.

• 这时，质量保证（QA）团队开始对软件进行测试。
  This is where the Quality Assurance (QA) team steps in to test the software.

  steps in = 参与进来（介入），开始为项目做点什么。
  to become involved, start doing something on the project.

• 软件的所有模块都被集中到一个特殊的测试环境中，进行错误和互操作性测试。（这里针对的是整个软件的集成测试，在这之前其实还有单元测试。）
  All the modules of the software are brought together into a special testing environment and tested for errors and interoperability.

  bring together = 装配/ 收集/ 编译
  to assemble/ to collect/ to compile.

  interoperability = 一个系统或应用程序与另一个系统或应用程序交互的能力。
  an ability of one system or application to interact with another system or application.

• 软件开发人员会修复在此阶段出现的任何错误。然后，质量保证专家会再次测试软件或其组件。
  Software developers fix any bugs that come up during this stage. Then QA specialists test the software or its components again.

  module/ component = 代码/ 软件的一部分。
  part of the program/ software.

• 对所有缺陷进行跟踪、修复和重新测试。
  All the defects are tracked, fixed, and retested.

  bug (error, defect, flaw) = 软件程序出现问题或行为不正确。
  a problem in the software program or it’s incorrect behavior.

  track bugs = 记录和监控软件测试过程中的错误或失误。
  to log and monitor bugs or errors during software testing.

  fix bugs = 消除软件错误或软件缺陷。
  eliminate software errors or software flaws, defects.

  retest = 重新测试。
  to test again.

2.4.2 涉及到的人员 Persons involved

• 测试人员
  Testers

• 开发人员
  Developers

• 业务分析人员
  Business Analyst (BA)

• 项目经理
  Project Manager

• 其他利益相关者
  other stakeholders

2.4.3 软件测试 Software Testing

软件测试是检查软件产品是否符合要求和无缺陷的过程。
Software testing is a process of checking if software product meets requirements and is free of defects.

ISTQB 是一个国际软件测试资格委员会。（PS. 感兴趣的可以去了解一下）
ISTQB, an international software testing qualifications board.

2.4.3.1 相关词汇 Related vocabularies

• bug
  软件中使其无法发挥功能的缺陷。
  a flaw in software that prevents it from performing its function.

• to locate bugs
  找到问题所在。
  to find bugs.

• to debug
  调试修复bug。
  to fix the bugs.

• bug report
  一个列表列出问题和相关细节。
  the list of problems and related details.

• test case
  测试用例，测试人员检查软件某一方面的一系列操作和指令。
  a set of actions and instructions for a tester to check a certain aspect of software.

• Maintainability
  可维护性：在进行修改时，代码应保持稳定。便于维护代码和添加修订内容。
  It should be stable when the changes are made. It is easy to maintain the code and add amendments.

• Portability
  可移植性：软件的可移植性，是指系统适应规格变化的容易程度。易于安装、更换、适应新环境。
  Portability of software, defined as how easily a system adapts to changes in the specifications. Easy to install, replace, adapt to new environment.

• Functionality
  功能性：它能实现预期目标。软件质量中的定义是软件与系统其他组件之间的有效互动。
  It does what it is intended to do. Quality of software is defined as how effectively the software interacts with other components of the system.

• Performance
  性能：它应在不使用过多资源的情况下快速工作，以及这对其可扩展性、客户满意度和响应时间有何影响。
  It should work quickly without using too many resources and how that affects its scalability, customer satisfaction, and response times.

• Compatibility
  兼容性：该软件与多个组件兼容。
  The software is compatible with several components.

• Usability
  可用性：用户界面是用户能看到软件的唯一部分，因此拥有一个好的用户界面至关重要。简洁性和任务执行速度是带来更好用户界面的两个因素。
  The user interface is the only part of the software visible to users, so it’s vital to have a good UI. Simplicity and task execution speed are two factors that lead to a better UI.

• Reliability
  可靠性： 可靠性是指软件在特定条件下和特定时间内的运行能力。
  It is defined as the capability of the software to perform under specific conditions for a specified duration.

• Security
  安全性： 评估应用程序保护信息免遭软件漏洞风险的程度。糟糕的编码和架构缺陷往往会导致软件漏洞。
  Assesses how well an application protects information against the risk of software breaches. Poor coding and architectural weaknesses often lead to software vulnerabilities.

• Testability
  可测试性： 质量管理文档中，高质量的软件需要高度的可测试性。在可测试性高的软件中查找故障更容易，因此这类系统在交付给最终用户时出现错误的可能性较低。
  Quality of documentation, quality software requires a high degree of testability. Finding faults in software with high testability is easier, making such systems less likely to contain errors when shipped to end users.

2.4.3.2 测试类型 Kinds of testing

测试有很多种： 功能测试、性能测试、单元测试、集成测试、回归测试等。
There are different kinds of testing: Functional testing, Performance testing, Unit testing, Integration testing, Regression testing etc.

Functional testing = 功能测试验证软件应用程序或系统的功能是否符合规定要求。功能测试的重点是测试软件的每个功能或特性，确保其行为符合预期。它并不关注软件的执行效率或如何与其他组件集成。
Functional testing verifies that the software application or system functions according to the specified requirements. It focuses on testing each function or feature of the software to ensure it behaves as expected. It doesn’t concern itself with how efficiently the software performs or how it integrates with other components.

Performance testing = 性能测试评估软件应用程序在各种工作负载条件下的响应速度、吞吐量、可靠性和可扩展性。其目的是找出性能瓶颈，评估负载下的系统行为。与功能测试不同，性能测试主要关注的是系统的性能特征，而不是其功能行为。
Performance testing evaluates the responsiveness, throughput, reliability, and scalability of the software application under various workload conditions. It aims to identify performance bottlenecks and assess system behavior under load. Unlike functional testing, its primary concern is the performance characteristics of the system rather than its functional behavior.

Unit testing = 单元测试包括对软件应用程序的单个单元或组件进行隔离测试。其目的是验证每个代码单元的行为是否符合预期，通常是在函数或方法级别。与功能测试不同，它不测试多个组件或整个系统的集成行为。
Unit testing involves testing individual units or components of the software application in isolation. It aims to validate that each unit of code behaves as expected, typically at the function or method level. Unlike functional testing, it doesn’t test the integrated behavior of multiple components or the system as a whole.

Integration testing = 集成测试验证软件应用程序不同组件或模块之间的交互和互操作性。它能确保集成组件按预期工作。与单元测试不同，它测试的是组件之间的集成点和接口，而不是孤立的单个单元。
Integration testing verifies the interaction and interoperability between different components or modules of the software application. It ensures that integrated components work together as intended. Unlike unit testing, it tests the integration points and interfaces between components rather than individual units in isolation.

Regression testing = 回归测试确保软件应用程序最近的更改或修改不会对现有功能产生不利影响。它包括重新测试以前测试过的功能，以验证它们是否仍能按预期运行。与功能测试不同，它主要不是测试新功能，而是验证更改后现有功能的稳定性。
Regression testing ensures that recent changes or modifications to the software application haven’t adversely affected existing functionalities. It involves retesting previously tested features to verify they still work as expected. Unlike functional testing, it doesn’t primarily test new functionalities but rather verifies the stability of existing ones after changes.

2.4.3.3 质量管理 Quality management

为组织制定和指导质量政策、质量目标、质量规划、质量控制、质量保证和质量改进的过程。
The process of establishing and directing a quality policy, quality objectives, quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement for an organization.

2.4.3.4 质量保证 Quality Assurance (QA)

让人们相信质量要求得到满足的活动。
Activities focused on providing confidence (make sure) that quality requirements will be fulfilled.

2.4.3.5 质量控制 Quality Control (QC)

评估一个组件或者系统的质量的一系列活动。
A set of activities designed to evaluate the quality of a component or system.

evaluate = 检查某样东西有多好/ 多有用。
to check how good or useful something is.

2.5 部署 Deployment

2.5.1 活动 Activities

• 产品被部署到生产环境中。
  The product is deployed in the production environment.

  to deploy = 将软件系统投入使用。
  to make a software system available for use.

• 如果客户希望，还可以在部署前进行 UAT（用户验收测试）。为进行 UAT，会创建一个生产环境副本，由客户公司进行测试。
  If the customer wishes, UAT (User Acceptance Testing) is done before deployment. For UAT a replica of the production environment is created and the customer company does the testing.

  replica = 完全复制。
  an exact copy.

• 一旦他们确认产品按预期运行，他们就会签字批准上线。
  Once they check that the product works as expected, they give a sign off to go live.

  sign off = 客户同意项目或目标状态的业务文件或确认函。它可以是项目阶段的结束，也可以是项目的结束，即客户接受并满意软件产品。
  a business document or confirmation from the customer that they agree on the status of a project or goal. It can be the end of a project phase or the end of the project, when the customer accepts the software product and is satisfied with it.

  go live = 代码从测试环境转移到生产环境，从而可供最终用户使用的时间点。
  the point at which code moves from the test environment to the production environment, therefore becomes available for end users.

• 客户还可能对软件行为提出更改或改进。这些变更称为变更请求。
  The customer may also come up with changes or enhancements to the software behavior. These changes are called change requests.

  to come up with something = 提出或想出一个主意或计划。
  to suggest or think of an idea or plan.

  enhancement = 升级优化
  improvement

• （这阶段）完成后，产品将投放市场或部署到公司的生产环境中。
  After they are done, the product is released to the market or deployed in the company’s production environment.

  release/ to release = 发布/ 发行应用程序的最终版本。
  the distribution of the final version of an application/ to distribute the final version of an application.

2.5.2 涉及到的人员 Persons involved

• 发行经理
  Release Manager

• 项目经理
  Project Manager

• 开发人员
  Developers

• 测试人员
  Testers

• 客户
  Customer

2.5.3 环境 Environment (ENV)

DEV (Development)、SIT (System Integration Testing)、UAT (User Acceptance Testing) 和 PRODUCTION (生产环境) 在软件开发中分别代表了不同的阶段或环境。代码应该是从DEV环境逐个环境部署到生产（投入使用）。

2.5.3.1 开发环境 DEV

开发阶段/ 环境，用于开发和测试新功能或改进。

2.5.3.2 集成环境 SIT

系统集成测试阶段/ 环境，用于测试不同组件之间的集成和交互。

2.5.3.3 用户测试环境 UAT

用户验收测试阶段/ 环境，由最终用户执行，确认系统是否符合需求。

2.5.3.4 产品环境 PRODUCTION

生产环境，部署了最终的软件版本，供实际使用。

2.6 运维 Maintenance

Support

2.6.1 活动 Activities

• 在这个阶段，将对系统进行评估，确保其不会过时（能跟上业务发展）。
  During this the system is assessed to ensure it doesn’t become obsolete.

  to assess = 检查和评定一些东西的质量。
  to check and decide about the quality of something.

  assessment = 检查和考虑有关某件事的所有信息的过程；做出判断。
  the process of checking and considering all the information about something; making a judgement.

  obsolete = 不再使用的旧东西，必须被更新更好的东西所取代。
  something old that is not in use anymore and has to be replaced by something newer and better.

• 如果出现任何需要修复的问题或需要进行任何改进，开发人员都会进行处理。
  If any issue comes up and needs to be fixed or any enhancement needs to be done, developers take care of that.

  issue = 需要解决的问题或困难。
  a question or problem that needs to be solved.

  to come up = 发生，出现
  happen, appear (usually unexpectedly)

• 这也是对最初软件进行修改的阶段。
  This is also where changes can be made to initial software.

2.6.3 涉及到的人员 Persons involved

• 开发人员
  Developers

• 测试人员
  Testers

• 项目经理
  Project Manager

• 服务经理

• Service Manager

• 其他利益相关方
  other stakeholders

3. 技术栈 Tech Stack

你在工作中所用所讲的内容
What you use at work and speak about.

技术栈是指我们工作中用到的所有工具、语言、框架等等。
Tech Stack or technology stack is all of the tools we use at work, all of the programming languages, frameworks and so on.

堆栈本质上一堆东西。在IT领域，技术栈是公司（或个人）用于构建和运行应用程序或项目的技术组合。
A stack is essentially a pile of something. In IT area, A tech stack is a combination of technologies a company/ person uses to build and run an application or project.

全栈开发者
Full-stack developer

一个全栈网站开发人员懂得前后端以及各种中间件。他们能熟练使用各种语言和框架，并能快速学习新知识。
A full-stack web developer understands front-end and back-end as well as various middleware. They are fluent in a variety of languages and frameworks and can learn new things quickly.

全栈开发人员通常拥有很多不同领域的技能，从数据库和网络开发到平面设计和用户界面/用户体验管理。
Full Stack Developers usually have skills in a lot of different niches, from databases and web development to graphic design and UI/UX management.

3.1 编程语言 Programming languages

最受欢迎的编程语言（举例）：
Most popular programming languages:

• Python
  一种高级、解释型编程语言，以其简单性和可读性而闻名，广泛用于各个领域，包括Web开发、数据分析、人工智能和科学计算。
  A high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability, widely used in various domains including web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.

• Java
  一种流行的面向对象编程语言，以其平台无关性而闻名，在企业应用、移动开发（Android）和Web开发中被广泛使用。
  A popular, object-oriented programming language known for its platform independence, used extensively in enterprise applications, mobile development (Android), and web development.

• JavaScript
  一种多用途脚本语言，主要用于构建交互式和动态的网页，在前端开发中经常与HTML和CSS一起使用。
  A versatile scripting language primarily used for building interactive and dynamic web pages, often used alongside HTML and CSS for frontend development.

• C#
  一种现代的多范式编程语言，由Microsoft开发，主要用于构建Windows应用程序、使用ASP.NET进行Web开发和使用Unity进行游戏开发。
  A modern, multi-paradigm programming language developed by Microsoft, mainly used for building Windows applications, web development with ASP.NET, and game development with Unity.

• C/C++
  一对功能强大的通用编程语言，用于系统编程、游戏开发、嵌入式系统和性能关键型应用程序。
  A pair of powerful, general-purpose programming languages used for systems programming, game development, embedded systems, and performance-critical applications.

• PHP - Hypertext Preprocessor
  一种服务器端脚本语言，设计用于Web开发以创建动态网页，在与MySQL等数据库结合使用时广泛使用。
  A server-side scripting language designed for web development to create dynamic web pages, widely used in conjunction with databases like MySQL.

• Objective-C
  一种通用的面向对象编程语言，主要用于macOS和iOS应用程序开发，尤其是在Swift崛起之前。
  A general-purpose, object-oriented programming language used primarily for macOS and iOS app development, particularly before the rise of Swift.

• TypeScript
  是JavaScript的一个超集，添加了静态类型和其他功能以增强代码的可维护性和可扩展性，特别适用于大型Web开发项目。
  A superset of JavaScript that adds static typing and other features to enhance code maintainability and scalability, popular for large-scale web development projects.

  scalability = 系统通过增加资源来处理不断增长的工作量的特性。
  The property of a system to handle a growing amount of work by adding resources to the system.

• Swift
  由Apple开发的现代编程语言，用于构建iOS、macOS、watchOS和tvOS应用程序，以其安全性、速度和表达力而闻名。
  A modern, compiled programming language developed by Apple for building iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS applications, known for its safety, speed, and expressiveness.

• Visual Basic
  由Microsoft开发的编程语言，用于构建具有图形用户界面（GUI）的Windows应用程序，在过去非常流行，因其简单性和易用性而广受欢迎。
  A programming language developed by Microsoft for building Windows applications with a graphical user interface (GUI), widely used for its simplicity and ease of use, particularly in the past.

• …

3.2 框架 Frameworks

框架是语言、库和程序的集合。
A framework is a collection of languages, libraries and utilities.

utility = 在操作系统提供的功能之外提供额外功能的小程序。
a small program that provides an addition to the capabilities provided by the operating system.

1. Popular back-end frameworks:

   • Ruby on Rails
     一个用Ruby编写的Web应用程序框架，以其简单性和效率而闻名。
     a web application framework written in Ruby, known for its simplicity and efficiency.

   • Django
     一个用Python构建Web应用程序的Web框架，强调快速开发和DRY原则。
     a web framework for building web applications using Python, emphasizing rapid development and the DRY principle.

   • Laravel
     一个PHP框架，提供了优雅的语法和工具，用于构建Web应用程序和API，旨在简化常见任务并提高开发效率。
     a PHP framework that provides elegant syntax and tools for building web applications and APIs, aiming to simplify common tasks and enhance development efficiency.

     syntax = 定义语言结构的规则。
     rules that define the structure of a language.

   • Spring
     一个用于构建企业级应用程序的Java框架，提供了全面的基础设施支持和广泛的生态系统。
     a Java framework for building enterprise-level applications, offering comprehensive infrastructure support and a wide ecosystem.

   • .NET
     由Microsoft开发的跨平台开发框架，支持多种编程语言，用于构建Windows、Web和移动应用程序。
     a cross-platform development framework developed by Microsoft, supporting multiple programming languages for building Windows, web, and mobile applications.

2. Popular front-end frameworks and tools:

   • AngularJS
     一个由Google开发的JavaScript框架，用于构建动态Web应用程序，提供了一套完整的工具和功能。
     a JavaScript framework developed by Google for building dynamic web applications, providing a comprehensive set of tools and features.

   • React
     由Facebook开发的JavaScript库，用于构建用户界面，采用组件化和声明式编程的方式，提高了代码的可维护性和可重用性。
     a JavaScript library developed by Facebook for building user interfaces, adopting a component-based and declarative programming approach to improve code maintainability and reusability.

   • Bootstrap
     一个流行的前端框架，提供了一组用于构建响应式和美观的Web界面的CSS和JavaScript工具。
     a popular front-end framework that provides a set of CSS and JavaScript tools for building responsive and visually appealing web interfaces.

   • jQuery
     一个快速、简洁的JavaScript库，简化了HTML文档遍历、事件处理、动画和AJAX等操作。
     a fast and concise JavaScript library that simplifies HTML document traversing, event handling, animations, and AJAX operations.

   • Ember.js
     一个用于构建强大的Web应用程序的JavaScript框架，提供了强大的功能和约定，以简化开发流程。
     a JavaScript framework for building ambitious web applications, providing robust features and conventions to streamline development.

   • Backbone.js
     一个轻量级的JavaScript框架，通过为模型提供键值绑定和自定义事件，为Web应用程序提供所需的结构。
     a lightweight JavaScript framework that provides the structure needed for web applications by providing models with key-value binding and custom events.

3.3 操作系统 Operating systems

• MS Windows
• Mac OS
• Ubuntu
• Fedora
• Solaris
• Chrome OS

3.4 服务器和负载均衡 Servers and load balancing

这类服务包括服务器、内容分发网络、路由和缓存服务，可让您的应用程序发送和接收请求，顺利运行，并根据需要扩展容量。
This category includes servers, content distribution networks, routing and caching services that let your applications send and receive requests, run smoothly, and scale capacity as needed.

routing = 为网络或多个网络中的流量选择路径的过程。
process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or across multiple networks.

request = 请求-响应是计算机在网络中相互通信的基本方法之一。第一台计算机发出获取某些数据的请求，第二台计算机对请求做出响应。
request-response is one of the basic methods, that computers use to communicate with each other in a network. The first computer sends a request for some data and the second responds to the request.

• AWS (Amazon Web Services)
• Google Cloud
• Azure
• Apache
• Nginx
• Cloudflare
• Fastly

3.5 应用程序接口平台 API Platform

API 是帮助您连接不同工具的应用程序。这些工具构成了您的扩展技术栈。
APIs are applications that help you connect to different tools. Those tools make up your extended tech stack.

API = 应用程序接口
Application Programming Interface

• Segment
• Apigee
• MuleSoft
• Tealium
• Zapier

3.6 数据存储和查询 Data storage and querying

这层堆栈由关系型和非关系型数据库、数据仓库和数据管道组成，可存储和查询所有实时数据和历史数据。
This layer of the stack consists of relational and non-relational databases, data warehouses, and data pipelines that allow you to store and query all of your real-time and historical data.

data warehouse (DW or DWH) = 用于报告和数据分析的系统。它被视为商业智能的核心组成部分。
a system used for reporting and data analysis. It is considered a core component of business intelligence.

query = 对数据库表或表组合中数据的请求。这些数据可作为 SQL 返回的结果。
a request for data from a database table or combination of tables. This data may be generated as results returned by SQL.

• MySQL - Structured Query Language
• Azure SQL Synapse Analytics
• MongoDB
• Redshift
• PostgreSQL
• Snowflake
• Splunk

3.7 业务智能解决方案 Business intelligence solutions

商业智能工具汇集了从公司多个部门和市场收集到的数据，旨在帮助跟踪公司业绩，并做出更高层次的业务决策。
BI tools bring together data gathered from multiple parts of the company and the market, and are designed to help track company performance and make higher-level business decisions.

track = 记录一段时间内某事物的进展或发展。
to record the progress or development of something over a period.

• Microsoft Power BI
• SAP BusinessObjects
• Tableau
• Looker

4. 用户界面 User Interface (UI)

可用性测试用于检查用户界面是否易于使用和理解。这不是一种可以自动进行的测试；需要由熟练的用户界面设计师来监控实际的人类用户。它是用户体验的一部分。
Usability testing is used to check if the user interface is easy to use and understand. This is not a kind of testing that can be automated; actual human users are needed, being monitored by skilled UI designers. It is part of UX.

UI（用户界面）指的是用户与之交互的界面，GUI（图形用户界面）是 UI 的一种实现方式，而 UX（用户体验）则涵盖了用户在与界面交互时所感受到的整体体验。
UI (User Interface) refers to the interface with which the user interacts, GUI (Graphical User Interface) is an implementation of UI, and UX (User Experience) covers the overall experience that the user perceives when interacting with the interface.

4.1 用户体验 User Experience (UX)

网站或应用程序给人留下的总体印象。
Overall impression person gets from using a website or an application.

4.2 图形用户界面 Graphic User Interface (GUI)

允许用户通过图形图标和视觉指示器与组件或系统进行交互的一种界面。
A type of interface that allows users to interact with a component or system through graphical icons and visual indicators.

常用的一些UI

• checkbox
  复选框

• list box
  列表框

• toggle
  开关控件，用于在两种状态之间进行切换。用户可以通过点击或拖动开关来改变其状态，常用于控制应用程序或网页中的功能、选项或设置的可见性或状态。

• button
  按钮

• radio button
  单选按钮，通常用于用户在一组选项中选择一个选项。当用户单击单选按钮时，它会显示为被选中状态，而其他选项则变为未选中状态。

• dropdown list
  下拉列表，通常用于显示一组选项，但仅在用户点击下拉箭头（按钮）时才显示选项列表。

• dropdown button
  下拉按钮，通常包含一个按钮和一个下拉箭头。当用户点击按钮时，它会显示一个下拉菜单或选项列表，用户可以从中选择所需的选项。

• text field
  文本字段，用于接收用户输入文本的用户界面元素，通常用于表单和搜索框等场景。

• search field
  搜索字段，通常用于在应用程序或网站中进行搜索操作。

• placeholder
  占位符，在表单字段中显示的临时性提示文本，用于指示用户应该在字段中输入什么类型的信息。通常在文本字段中使用，例如输入框或搜索框，提供了关于所需输入内容的提示或示例。

• label
  标签

• toolbar
  工具栏

• tool tip
  工具提示，通常是一个短语或文本，当用户将鼠标悬停在其他界面元素（如按钮、链接或图标）上时，会显示在屏幕上提供有关该元素功能或含义的信息。

• list view
  列表视图，通常以垂直或水平方式排列项目，并提供滚动功能以便查看大量项目。

• grid view
  网格视图， 在每个单元格中显示项目。

• pagination
  分页，将大量数据分成多个页面显示的用户界面元素，通常包括上一页、下一页、跳转到指定页面等控件。

• image carousel
  图片轮播

• scroll bar
  滚动条
  to scroll up/ down
  往上/ 下滚动

• slider
  滑块，用于在一定范围内选择数值或设置选项的用户界面元素，通常由滑块按钮和滑动轨道组成，用户可以拖动滑块按钮来选择所需的值或选项。

• Progress bar
  进度条

• Burger menu
  汉堡菜单，通常以三个水平线条图标表示，点击后显示或隐藏菜单选项。

• Navigation drawer
  导航抽屉

• Notification
  通知

• Modal window
  模态窗口，通常以弹出窗口的形式覆盖在当前页面上，并阻止用户对页面的其他部分进行操作。

5. 团队管理 Scrum

Reference: Scrum.org
Resource - Scrum Guide中可以下载Srum Guide了解Scrum概念。
Resource - Scrum Glossary中可以了解相关术语解释。

5.1 敏捷软件开发 Agile software development

敏捷软件开发指的是以迭代开发思想为核心的方法论，在这种方法论中，需求和解决方案通过自我组织的跨职能团队的协作而不断发展。
Agile software development refers to methodologies centered around the idea of iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration in self-organizing cross-functional teams.

iterative = repetitive; doing something again and again.
迭代重复

evolve = 变得更好或者缓慢发展。
to change for better or develop slowly.

敏捷开发的最终目标是让团队快速交付成果，提高质量和可预测性，并能更好地应对变化。Scrum和Kanban是两种应用最为广泛的敏捷方法。
The ultimate value in Agile development is that it enables teams to deliver value faster, with greater quality and predictability, and greater aptitude to respond to change. Scrum and Kanban are two of the most widely used Agile methodologies.

ultimate value = 最终价值（目标）
final goal

aptitude = 能力
ability

5.2 Scrum概念 What is Scrum

Scrum 是一种轻量级框架，可帮助人员、团队和组织通过针对 Scrum Guide中定义的复杂问题的适应性解决方案创造价值。
Scrum is a lightweight framework that helps people, teams and organizations generate value through adaptive solutions for complex problems as defined in the Scrum Guide.

adaptive = 具有适应新条件的变化能力。
having an ability to change to suit new conditions.

• coherent/ coherence
  连贯性/一致性，某些产品待办项之间的关系质量，这可能使它们作为一个整体值得考虑。
  the quality of the relationship between certain Product Backlog items which may make them worthy of consideration as a whole.

• Empiricism
  经验主义：过程控制类型，只接受确定的过去，根据观察、经验和实验做出决策。经验主义有三大原则：透明、观察和调整。
  process control type in which only the past is accepted as certain and in which decisions are based on observation, experience and experimentation. Empiricism has three pillars: transparency, inspection and adaptation.

  pillar = 基础原则
  fundamental principle

  transparent = 能够被看透、开放、易于理解。
  able to be seen through, open, easy to understand.

  inspection = 仔细观察某些事物。
  looking at something carefully.

  adaptation = 改变以达到某个目标或条件。
  changing to fit some goal or situation.

  简单来说，经验主义认为人们应该依靠于实际经验和实验，把这些作为知识基础。
  In simple words, empiricism is the belief that people should rely on practical experience and experiments as a basis for knowledge.

• forecast (of functionality)
  功能预测，开发人员从产品待办列表中选择认为在一个迭代期（Sprint）可行的实施项目。
  the selection of items from the Product Backlog Developers deem feasible for implementation in a sprint.

• increment
  增量，定义了在一个迭代期间开发人员完成的完整和有价值的工作，也称Scrum产物。它是产品所有增量的总和。
  Scrum Artifact that defines the complete and valuable work produced by the Developers during a Sprint. The sum of all Increments from a product.

• Product Backlog
  产品待办列表，一个由创建、维护和维持产品所需的有序工作列表组成的Scrum产物。
  A Scrum Artifact that consists of an ordered list of the work to be done in order to create, maintain and sustain a product.

  sustain = 支持，提供一切所需。
  to support, provide everything needed.

• Product Backlog refinement
  产品待办事项的细化，是在冲刺期间产品负责人和开发人员对产品待办事项进行细化的活动。
  the activity in a Sprint through which the Product Owner and the Developers add granularity to the Product Backlog.

  refinement = 精炼、细化；改善某些事物的小改动。
  small changes that improves something.

  granularity = 包括很多细节的内容。
  including a lot of small details.

• Scrum Board
  Scrum板，是一个物理板，用于可视化Scrum团队的信息，通常用于管理Sprint Backlog。Scrum板是Scrum中的一种可选实施方式，用于使信息可视化。
  a physical board to visualize information for and by the Scrum Team, often used to manage Sprint Backlog. Scrum boards are an optional implementation within Scrum to make information visible.

• Self-Managing
  自我管理，Scrum Teams 是跨部门的，意味着每个员工都有在每个Sprint中创造价值的所有必备技能。他们也是自我管理的，意味着他们可以内部决定谁在什么时候如何去做某事。
  Scrum Teams are cross-functional, meaning the members have all the skills necessary to create value each Sprint. They are also self-managing, meaning they internally decide who does what, when, and how.

• Technical Debt
  技术债务，通常指维护产品时不可预测的额外开销，往往是由于不够理想的设计决策造成的，会增加总成本。
  the typically unpredictable overhead of maintaining the product, often caused by less-than-ideal design decisions, contributing to the total cost of ownership.

• velocity
  一种可选但经常使用的指示，表示 Scrum 团队在冲刺期间将产品 Backlog 转化为产品增量的数量，由开发人员跟踪，供 Scrum 团队内部使用。
  an optional, but often used, indication of the amount of Product Backlog turned into an increment of product during a Sprint by a Scrum Team, tracked by the Developers for use within the Scrum Team.

  velocity = 某事发生的速度/ 速率。
  speed or rate at which something is happening.

6. 远程办公 Work remotely

远程办公的相关词汇：
Some vocabularies connected with working remotely:

6.1 工作地点 Where you work

• 家庭办公室
  home office
  在某人家中用于工作的地方。也可以说是居家办公或专用工作空间。
  A place at someone’s home used for work. you can also say work-from-home setup or dedicated workspace.

  你需要适当的居家办公设置来提高工作效率。
  You need a proper work-from-home setup to be more productive.

  我以为我会喜欢在家工作，但我错了！
  I thought I would enjoy working from home, but I was wrong!

  Pete你不能这样工作！你需要一个专门的工作空间。
  Pete you cannot work like this! You need a dedicated workspace.

• 稳定的网络连接
  stable Internet connection
  网络运行良好，我们可以说是Wi-Fi或有线网络。
  It means that the Internet works well, and we can say Wi-Fi or cable Internet.

  如果你没有一个稳定的网络，在加载一些页面时可能需要花费很长一段时间。
  If you don’t have a stable Internet connection, it may take long to load some pages.

  抱歉，我需要从无线网络转到有线网络。
  Sorry, I need to switch from Wi-Fi to cable.

• 网络中断
  Internet outage
  没有网络连接或者是网络瘫痪。对于在家工作的人来说，这是一场噩梦，而另一件可怕的事情就是停电/断电。
  No Internet connection or Internet is down. It’s a nightmare for anyone working from home, and another terrible thing is a power outage/ no electricity.

  我昨天开会时遇到了网络中断，但我连接了移动热点，没有错过任何内容。
  I had an Internet outage during a meeting yesterday, but I connected to a mobile hotspot and didn’t miss anything.

  我家里停电了，所以我在咖啡馆工作。
  I have a power outage at home, so I am working from a cafe.

6.2 工作设备 Your Device

• 提供一台笔记本或一台手机
  provide with a laptop/ a phone

  我的雇主为我提供了一台笔记本电脑，并预装了我需要的所有软件。
  My employer provided me with a laptop and all the software I need was pre-loaded.

不同的公司也许会有不同的设备政策。
Different companies may have different policies about those devices.

• BYOD policy
  携带自己的设备。
  bring your own device.

  BYOD 政策可能会带来更高的安全风险。
  BYOD policy can cause higher security risks.

  移动设备（BYOD）支持专家的主要职责是设计、开发和支持移动应用程序。
  The primary responsibility of the Mobile Device (BYOD) Support Specialist is design, development and support of mobile applications.

• COBO policy
  公司所有，仅用于业务。
  company owned, business only.

• COPE policy
  公司所有，可用于个人。
  company owned, personally enabled.

6.3 工作团队 Teams

• 分散式团队
  distributed team
  团队成员在不同地点开展工作。
  Members of a team work from different locations.

  公司总部位于旧金山，团队分布在 5 个国家。
  Our company is headquartered in San Francisco with a distributed team across 5 countries.

• 混合团队
  hybrid team
  团队中的一些成员完全远程办公，另一些成员可能来办公室办公。
  Some members of a team are fully remote, others may come to the office.

  我在一个混合团队工作，所以我可以选择远程工作或者到办公室工作。
  I work on a hybrid team so I could choose if I wanted to work remotely or come to the office.

• 全远程公司
  all-remote company
  一个完全没有办公室，所有员工都在家工作的公司。
  A company that doesn’t have offices at all and all employees work from home.

  GitLab 是最大全远程公司之一。
  GitLab is one of the largest all-remote companies.

6.4 自由职业者 Freelancer

自由职业
to freelance
为不同公司独立工作。相关词汇：自由职业者、自由职业平台。
to work independently for different companies. Connected words: freelancer, freelancing platform.

我决定离开公司，从事自由开发者一段时间。
I decided to leave my company and work as a freelance developer for some time.

如果你正在寻找工作，请查看这个自由职业平台。他们有一些不错的职位。
If you are looking for a gig, check this freelancing platform. They have some good offers.

我本以为作为自由职业者会有更多的空闲时间，但实际上我的工作更多。
I thought I would have more free times as a freelancer, but I actually work more.

6.5 工作时间 Hours

在我们开始远程工作、在家办公后，我们的工作时间发生了很大变化。
Our hours changed a lot after we started working remotely, working from home.

• 弹性工作时间
  to work flextime
  灵活的，你可以改变工作的开始和结束时间。
  Flexible, you can change the time you start and finish work.

  我的工作时间是弹性的，所以我可以在需要的时候跑跑腿。
  I work flextime so I can run some errands if I need to.

• 保持固定工作时间
  to maintain regular hours
  在相同时间开始和结束工作。
  to start and finish at the same time.

  我更倾向于保持固定工作时间，否则很难完成工作。
  I prefer to maintain regular hours of work otherwise it is very hard to get things done.

• to track time

  你必须记录工作时间，才能获得加班费。
  You have to track time you spent working in order to be paid overtime.

• to log hours

  我需要在每周结束时记录工时。
  I need to log hours at the end of every week.

• to add tasks

  我们的项目经理为未来几周增加了新任务。
  Our PM has added new tasks for the next few weeks.

6.6 线上会议 Online meeting

不好意思，我正在开会，稍后再联系你。
Sorry, I am in a meeting, I’ll get back to you later.

我当时正在开会，所以错过了快递员。
I was having a meeting, so I missed a delivery man.

最常用的一些单词/ 短语：
The most general words/ phrases:

• 电话会议
  conference call/ telephone call

  我们将与客户召开电话会议，讨论解决这一问题的可行方案。
  We are having a conference call with client where we’ll discuss possible solutions to this issue.

• 视频会议
  video conference

• 连续会议
  back-to-back meetings

  我今天开了5个连续的会议，累死我了。
  I had five back-to-back meetings today, I am exhausted.

• 重新安排/ 改期
  to reschedule
  改变会议时间。
  to change time of meetings.

  会议被改到星期四。
  The meeting was rescheduled for Thursday.

• 将会议提前/ 延后
  to move a meeting up/ back

  抱歉我9点要上英语课，让我们把会议延后一个小时吧。
  Sorry I have my English class at 9.00, let’s move our meeting back an hour.

  Tom, 中午的会议提前了，我们现在开始，你参加吗？
  Tom, the noon meeting was moved up, so we are starting now. Will you join?

• 共享屏幕
  to share screen
  展示你的屏幕给线上会议的其他与会者。
  show your screen to other participants of an online meeting.

  让我分享屏幕，大家就能看到图表了。大家可以看到吗？
  Let me share the screen so you can see the chart. Can everybody see it?

  好了，我现在取消屏幕共享，我们可以在休息之后再详细讨论。
  Ok, I’ll stop sharing my screen now and we can go into detail after the break.

• 自我介绍
  introduce yourself
  会议中可能有点混乱，当你想发言时可以介绍自己。

  Mike’s speaking…/ Beth here.

  当有人问现在的发言人是谁？
  Sorry, who is speaking?
  你可以回答
  This is Ana (your name).

• 打断
  interruptions
  有时候我们不得不在我们忘记问题之前打断发言人的话然后迅速提出问题。
  Sometimes we have to interrupt and to ask question quickly before we forgot.

  你可以这样说：
  you can say：

  我可以插一句吗？
  Could I jump in for a second?

  我想问一下，这项任务的截止日期是什么时候？
  Let me clarify, what is the deadline for this task?

• 相当
  quite
  “相当 ”（在否定句中）使短语更柔和。还有 “我不太明白 ”或 “我不太记得 ”等。
  “quite” makes the phrase softer. Also, in “I don’t quite understand” or “I don’t quite remember” etc.

• 在做某事的同时评论
  comment while you are doing something

  我正在切换到我的演示文稿。
  I am going to switch over to my presentation.

  稍等，我正在共享屏幕。
  Hold on. I am trying to share my screen.

• 技术问题
  technical problems

  • 关麦/ 开麦
    to mute/ unmute

    Tina, 你没有开麦。请开麦再重复一遍。
    Tina, you are on mute. Please unmute yourself and repeat what you were saying.

  • 屏幕不动了
    to freeze

    抱歉，我电脑卡住了。或者是Kate的视频卡住了。
    Sorry, my computer froze on me. Or I think Kate’s video is frozen.

  • 有延迟
    a delay

    我想是有延迟，所以彼得没有回答。
    I think there is a delay, that’s why Peter is not answering.

  • 断断续续
    breaking up

    你的声音断断续续，我听不清楚。
    you are breaking up, I can’t make that out.

  • 有回声
    an echo

    我能听到自己的声音/ 回声。请戴上耳机好吗？
    I can hear myself/ an echo. Could please plug in your headphones?

  • 噪音
    background noises

    我能听到一些噪声，如果你没在说话，麻烦关一下麦。
    I can hear some background noises. If you are not speaking, please put yourself on mute.

  • 掉线
    kicked out/ disconnected

    我被踢出来了，Peter掉线了。
    I got kicked out. Peter got disconnected.

  • 声音太小
    speak up/ speak closer

    你可以大点声吗？
    Could you please speak up?

    请靠近一点麦，太小声了。
    Speak closer to the mic, please. You are too quiet.

• 参加其他会议
  jump

  Sorry, I have to jump to another meeting.
  不好意思，我需要参加另一个会议。

• 难点/ 挑战
  challenges

  • 视频会议疲劳
    Zoom fatigue
    长时间线上开会后会感觉疲劳。
    feeling tired after spending too much time in online meetings.

    你整天面对摄像头，难怪会感到疲劳。
    You are in front of a camera all day, no wonder you feel Zoom fatigue.

  • 工作劳累、精疲力尽
    burnout
    feeling always exhausted because you work too much.

    我刚加入公司的时候总时加班，不久就精疲力尽了。
    When I just joined the company, I was constantly overworking. This soon led to burnout.

• 避免过度劳累
  avoid overwork

  • 充实你的生活
    to break up your day
    工作日期间让自己短暂地休息。
    to have a short period of rest during the day.

    中午我会做一些运动充实自己。
    I do some exercise in the afternoon to break up my day.

    让我们休息一会，10分钟后回来（这个电话会议）。
    Let’s take a break and get back to the call in 10 min.

  • 设置日程表
    to set a routine
    遵循一个确定的顺序（干活）
    to follow certain order

    在我养成习惯之前，在家工作简直就是一场噩梦！
    Until I set a routine, working from home was a nightmare!

• 假期工作
  workation
  休假期间工作。
  work + vacation, working while you are on vacation.

  在假期工作不是一个好主意，我一点都没休息好。
  Workation may not be such a great idea. I didn’t feel rested at all.

7. 组织会议 Organize a meeting

7.1 实用的单词/短语 Useful words/ phrases

• 议程/ 日程
  objectives/ agenda
  会议讨论议题清单
  list of objectives, topics to discuss in a meeting.

  你创建一个线上会议的时候，请记得在邀请邮件（邀请函）里附上会议议程。
  When you create an online meeting, please always put the agenda in the invitation as well.

  我组织这个会议是为了…
  I’ve called this meeting in order to …

  所以，第一个讨论主题是正在到来的集成测试。
  So, the first item on the agenda is the upcoming integration testing.

  首先，让我们讨论一下如何使用多媒体提升我们的新产品。
  First, let’s talk about how we can use social media to promote our new product.

  首先，让我们一起回顾一下上周二的会议记录。
  First, let’s go over the minutes from our last meeting which was held last Tuesday.

• 致歉
  apologies
  宣布某些人缺席（通常是这些人提前要求在他们不能出席的会议上致歉）；缺席致歉。
  announcing that some people are absent (usually those people ask beforehand to give their apologies at a meeting that they cannot attend); apologies for absence.

  您好 Jane。我有个客户会议所以参加不了今天的团队周会。请代我致歉。
  Hi Jane. I won’t be able to join the weekly team meeting today as I have a client meeting. Please give my apologies.

• 头脑风暴
  brainstorm
  一个团队中所有人一起思考并提出创意的活动。
  an activity when everyone in a team is thinking and coming up with ideas.

  让我们花几分钟时间，头脑风暴一下（集思广益，）我们如何改进部门之间的合作。
  Let’s take a few minutes and brainstorm how we can improve cooperation between departments.

• 主持人
  chairperson/ chair
  主持/ 主导会议的人
  the person who leads a meeting

  作为主持人，我想借此机会感谢大家的参与，并分享你们的想法和观点。
  As chair, I want to take a moment to thank everybody for participating and sharing your thoughts and ideas.

• 会议记录
  minutes
  会议内容的书面记录（可以详细，也可以只是要点的形式）
  a written record of what was said at a meeting (can be detailed or just in the form of bullet points)

  首先，让我们快速回顾一下上周的会议记录，看看是否有任何尚未解决的问题。
  First of all, let’s quickly review the meeting minutes from last week and see if have any open issues.

• 指定（某人）
  designate
  安排，让某人做某事
  assign, ask someone to do something.

  有没有人自愿做会议记录，或者我指定一个人？
  Does anybody volunteer to take the minutes, or shall I designate someone?

• 形式
  formality
  规则限制，不得不遵守的手续。
  a procedure that has to be followed due to a rule.

  我会安排周会，并处理好所有手续，以便团队能够集中精力工作。
  I will schedule a weekly meeting and take care of all the formalities, so that the team can concentrate on their work.

• 目标/ 要点主题
  objectives
  要完成的目标/ 需要在会议中讨论的主题（通常是议程的要点）
  goals to accomplish/ topics to discuss at the meeting (usually as points in agenda)

  很高兴今天我们在指定时间内完成了所有目标。
  I’m happy that we covered all the objectives today within the designated time.

• 参会者/ 与会者
  participant/ attendee
  来开会或参加会议的人。
  a person who comes to a meeting or joins a meeting.

  去年的会议有多少参会者？
  How many participants were there at the last year’s conference?

• 举手
  show of hands
  举手发表（支持/ 反对…的）观点
  raised hands to express an opinion in a vote (for/ against something)

  让我们举手表决是否需要短暂休息。赞成的请举手。
  Let’s decide if we need a short break with the show of hands. Please raise your hand who is for it.

• 澄清
  clarifications

  我没听懂，你能重复一下最后一句吗？
  I didn’t get it. Could you repeat the last bit, please?

  打扰一下，能否请您说清楚一下您所说的绩优加薪程序？
  Excuse me, could you please clarify what you said about the merit increase process?

  我不太明白您所说的提高我们送货部门的能力是什么意思。
  I’m not sure I understand what you mean by increasing the capacity of our delivery department.

  与 “我不明白 ”相比，“我不确定我是否明白 ”听起来更礼貌、更柔和。
  “I’m not sure I understand” sounds more polite and softer than “I don’t understand”.

  抱歉，我不是很明白你现在分享的计算方法。
  I’m sorry, I don’t quite follow the calculation you are sharing right now.

• 提出一个（另一个）重点
  bringing up a point

  在我们继续会议之前，我认为我们需要研究如何确保在下一个冲刺阶段不会发生这种情况。
  Before we move on, I think we need to look at how we can ensure that it will not happen during the next sprint.

  不好意思，我不认为我们有讨论过…
  I’m sorry, but I don’t believe we’ve talked about…

  请稍等一下，我们似乎还没有讨论圣诞节期间假期重叠的问题。
  One minute please, it seems we haven’t discussed the issue of vacation overlap during Christmas holidays.

  “我不相信 ”和 “似乎 ”是软化剂，它们使句子听起来更亲切。
  “I don’t believe” and “it seems” are softeners, they make the sentence sound more friendly.

• 会议继续
  Moving on

  让我们继续我们正在进行的项目情况。
  Let’s move on to the status of our ongoing projects.

  继续，让我们看看议程里第三个主题，我们在供应商费率上调方面遇到的问题。
  Moving on. Let’s take a look at item three on the agenda, the problem we had with supplier rate increase.

  现在来到最后一个议题：我们新的市场营销活动。
  Now we’ve come to the final item on the agenda: our new marketing campaign.

• 给予控制（把发言权给别人）
  Giving control

  Jane, 你想介绍一下我们今天日程的第一个主题吗？
  Jane, would you like to kick off?/ would you like to introduce the first item on the today’s agenda?

  我想让Tomas来讨论一下…
  I‘d like to hand over to Tomas, who is going to tell…

  好的Martin，交给你了。
  Ok, Martin. over to you.

  Victoria，你可以评论一下那个（对那个分享一下想法）吗?
  Victoria, could you please comment on that?

  Maria，可以请你分享一下看法吗？
  Maria, could you please share your thoughts?

• 总结讨论（会议）内容
  Summarizing the discussion

  总的来说，我们接下来要做的是：Jane负责联系供应商，Tomas负责准备文件。
  In summary, we’re going to do the following: Jane will contact our suppliers, and Tomas will prepare the paperwork.

  这是我们一致通过的…我们一周后再见并统一一下进度。
  This is what we’ve agreed on …We will meet in a week and synchronize on the progress.

  我们已经决定…
  We’ve decided on…

• （会议）结束
  wrap up

  好了今天先到这里，大家下周再见。
  Ok let’s wrap it up for today and I’ll see you all next week.

  (正式) 散会，感谢大家的参与。
  The meeting is adjourned. Thank you all for attending.

  我想今天差不多了，感谢大家的到来。
  I guess that’s all for today. Thanks for coming.

  今天就到这里吧，祝大家今天过得愉快。
  That’s it for today, have a nice rest of the day, everyone.

7.2 邀请函 Invitation

7.2.1 创建会议邀请 Create an invitation

当你创建线上会议邀请（通过Outlook, MS Teams, Zoom等等）的时候你通常需要指明必须和可选择参会的人员。
When you create an invitation for an online meeting (in Outlook, MS Teams, Zoom etc) you usually need to indicate required and optional participants.

Required = 必须出席。
It’s necessary for them to be present.

Optional = 他们可以自己决定是否参加。
They can decide if they want to join or not.

7.2.2 回复邀请类型 Response options

当参会人员（受邀者）收到邀请函（邮件）后他们可以给予回复。通常有3种回复：接受/ 不确定/ 不参加。
When a participant gets the invitation, they respond to it. They usually have three response options: accept/ tentatively accept/ decline.

Accept = 是的，我会准时参加
Yes, I will attend.

Tentatively accept = 我还不确定
I don’t know yet.

Decline = 不，我不会参加
No, I will not attend.

7.2.3 转发邀请 Forward an invitation

当参会人员收到邀请后，他们可以把邀请转发给同事。
When a participant receives an invitation, they can also forward the invitation to a colleague.

Forward = 把最初的邀请（邮件）发送给其他人。
to send the original invitation to someone else.

7.2.4 （会议）等候区 Lobby

在线上会议中，有时会出现所谓的“大厅”。
In an online meeting there sometimes can be a so-called “lobby”.
当一个人（比如说某个不是你公司的人）参加会议，他们第一时间会进到等候区，这意味他们正在等待被允许进入到会议室中。
When a person (for example somebody outside of your organization) joins a meeting, they first get into the lobby - it means that they wait to be let into the actual meeting room.
会议组织者需要同意让他们进入到会议室。
The organizer of the meeting needs to admit participants to let them into the meeting room.

7.3 开场白 Opening remarks

7.3.1 正式的 Formal

早上好，欢迎各位。今天会议的目的是讨论…
Good morning and welcome, everyone. The purpose of today’s meeting is to discuss …

今天会议的目的是讨论即将到来的项目截止日期。
The purpose of today’s meeting is to discuss our upcoming project deadlines.

感谢大家在如此短促的通知下来参加这个会议。
Thank you all for coming at such short notice.
我已经收到…对缺席的致歉。
I have received apologies for the absence of …

我已经收到Peter对缺席的致歉，他休了病假。
I have received apologies for the absence of Peter, who is on a sick leave.

7.3.2 平常的 Less formal

大家好，感谢大家的到来。
Hello everyone, thank you for joining.
现在来齐了，让我们开始…
Now that everyone’s here. Let’s get started with …

让我们开始今天的议程。
Let’s started with today’s agenda.

很遗憾今天…不能到会，他…
Unfortunately, … can’t join today. He is …

很遗憾今天Peter不能到会，他正在休病假。
Unfortunately, Peter can’t join today. He is on a sick leave.

8. IT趋势 Trends in IT

8.1 人工智能 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

模拟人类智能的机器系统，包括学习、推理、问题解决和自主行动等能力。
The simulation of human intelligence in machines, including abilities such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and autonomous action.

我们正在研究如何利用人工智能技术来改进客户服务，以提高用户满意度。
We are researching how to utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance customer service and improve user satisfaction.

8.2 机器学习 Machine Learning (ML)

一种人工智能的分支，使计算机系统能够从数据中学习和改进，并无需显式地进行编程。
A branch of artificial intelligence that enables computer systems to learn and improve from data without being explicitly programmed.

我们利用机器学习算法分析客户行为数据，以预测其未来购买偏好。
We use machine learning algorithms to analyze customer behavior data to predict their future purchasing preferences.

8.3 云计算 Cloud computing

通过互联网以按需付费的方式提供计算服务，包括服务器、存储、数据库、网络、软件等。
The delivery of computing services, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and more, over the Internet (“the cloud”) on a pay-as-you-go basis.

我们将公司的基础设施迁移到云计算平台上，以提高可伸缩性并降低运营成本。
We migrated our company’s infrastructure to the cloud computing platform to improve scalability and reduce operational costs.

8.4 边缘计算 Edge computing

在接近数据源的地方处理数据和执行计算任务，以减少数据传输延迟并提高系统响应速度。
Processing data and executing computing tasks closer to the data source to reduce data transfer latency and improve system response time.

我们在生产线上使用边缘计算来实时监控设备状态，以便及时调整生产计划。
We use edge computing on the production line to monitor equipment status in real time, enabling timely adjustments to production plans.

我们部署了边缘计算设备，以在生产现场实时处理传感器数据并提供即时反馈。
We deployed edge computing devices to process sensor data in real-time at the production site and provide immediate feedback.

8.5 大数据 Big Data

庞大的数据集合，具有高速生成、多样化和复杂性，并需要特殊的处理和分析技术来提取价值。
Vast datasets characterized by high volume, velocity, variety, and complexity, requiring specialized processing and analysis techniques to extract value.

我们正在利用大数据技术分析市场趋势和消费者行为，以指导产品研发和营销策略。
We are using big data technology to analyze market trends and consumer behavior to guide product development and marketing strategies.

8.6 物联网 Internet of Things (IoT)

将各种设备、传感器和其他物理对象连接到互联网，实现数据交换和远程控制。
Connects various devices, sensors, and other physical objects to the Internet, enabling data exchange and remote control.

我们正在开发一款智能家居系统，利用物联网技术实现家电远程控制和环境监测。
We are developing a smart home system that utilizes IoT technology for remote control of household appliances and environmental monitoring.

8.7 区块链 Blockchain

一种分布式数据库技术，以块链的形式记录和存储数据，具有去中心化、安全性和透明性特点。
A distributed database technology that records and stores data in blocks, characterized by decentralization, security, and transparency.

我们正在探索如何利用区块链技术改善供应链管理和跨境支付的效率和安全性。
We are exploring how to leverage blockchain technology to improve the efficiency and security of supply chain management and cross-border payments.

8.8 虚拟现实 Virtual Reality (VR)

通过模拟环境和感官体验，使用户沉浸于虚拟的三维世界中。
Immersing users in a virtual three-dimensional environment through simulated environments and sensory experiences.

我们正在开发一款虚拟现实游戏，让玩家能够体验到逼真的冒险和探索。
We are developing a virtual reality game that allows players to experience realistic adventures and exploration.

8.9 增强现实 Augmented Reality (AR)

将数字信息叠加到现实世界中，为用户提供增强的视觉体验。
Overlaying digital information onto the real world to provide users with an enhanced visual experience.

我们的应用程序利用增强现实技术，向用户展示附近地点的实时信息和导航指引。
Our application utilizes augmented reality technology to provide users with real-time information and navigation guidance to nearby locations.

8.10 自动化流程 Automated Process

使用软件和系统自动执行特定任务序列，以提高效率并减少错误。
Automatically executing specific sequences of tasks using software and systems to improve efficiency and reduce errors.

我们的公司已经实施了自动化流程来处理订单，从订单接收到发货，所有步骤都可以自动完成。
Our company has implemented automated processes to handle orders, from order receipt to shipment, all steps can be completed automatically.