【英语】基础语法

1.基本句型

1. 我的英语说得很好。
   I speak English well.
2. 北京西站，到了。
   We are arriving at Beijing West Railway Station.
3. 狗没有找到。
   I did not find the dog.
4. 上课要好好听讲。
   We should listen to the teacher seriously in class.

1.1主谓

• The elephant died.

1.2主谓宾

• 实义动词

1.3主谓表

1.3.1系（联系）动词

• 表状态：be
• 表感官：look smile taste sound feel
  I am no taste for the music .
• 表变化：become get turn grow fall
• 表保持：keep stay remain stand
• 表表象：seem appear
• 表终止或结果：prove

1.3.2特殊的动词

既可作实义动词又可作系动词
作为实义动词的意思为:

• get：得到
• turn ：转动
• grow ：成长
• fall：下降
• keep ：继续
• stay：逗留

宾：在中文中主要的意思是宾客
I invite someone to do something。//这种句子就明显是主谓宾
表：表述？
I am a boy。 //这种句子明显是表语，修饰自己，表达。

1.4主谓双宾

我的理解：双宾就是两个宾语。

• He teaches us English.
• He gave me five sugars.
• He bought me a birthday gift.

1.5主谓宾宾补

我的理解：宾补就是对宾语的一个补充。

• You should keep the room clean and tidy.
• We made him our monitor.
• His father told him not play in the street.

1.6判断是双宾还是宾补

在两个宾语之间加系动词是否能念通，因为对于补语是对前一个宾语的补充，如果意思能通，则是宾补。

2.句子成分

没有词性就没有英语

2.1谓语

具有时态的实义动词和系动词充当谓语。（动词不定时不算哦！）

• Your girlfriend must (be) very beautiful.
  must为情态动词。情态动词不能作谓语。
• My old flame loves me so much.

• Practice: Point out the predicate of the following sentences

  In the American economy , the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

• 能否出现多个动词（词组）

• My plan is laughing at those stupid ones.

2.1.1重点

• 谓语只能是动词
• 动词只能作谓语
• 所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词
  不是动词——非谓语动词
  • -ing，表示主动
  • -ed，表示被动或完成
  • 加to，表目的或将来

It is very hard to finish the work by yourself .

2.1.2Practice

1. 乌镇是浙江的一个水镇，它位于京杭大运河旁。
   Wuzhen is a water town in Zhe Jiang Provence , located next to the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

2. 冬天来了，春天就不远了。
   Winner approaching, spring will be around the corner.

3. 爱你是我最大的错。
   Loving you is my biggest fault.
   It is my biggest fault to love you.

4. 我们在火车站送别，眼看车子越走越远，泪流满面。
   I saw him off at railway station ,seeing the train move away and leaving puddles of tears.

5. 舞会结束后，大雁失望的回家了。
   The dancing party ended,Dayan went home disappointedly.

2.1.3独立主格

主语一致，去掉，不一致保留。
如：第一句的乌镇
在位于时候被省略主语它。

2.1.4动词可否没？绝对不能！

当一句话需要动词而没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，并且be动词没有意思。

• Your smile is like a flower.
• I am at home.
• My cat is cute/lovely.
• I am against you. //against 是介词
• I must beyond you.

2.1.5翻译练习

近年来，中国有越来越多的城市开始建设地铁。发展地铁有助于减少城市的交通拥堵和空气污染。地铁具有安全、快捷和舒适的优点。越来越多的人选择地铁作为每天上班或上学的主要交通工具。如今，在中国乘坐地铁正变得越来越方便。在有些城市里，乘客只需要用卡或手机就可以乘坐地铁。许多当地老年市民还可以免费乘坐地铁。

我的翻译（maybe have some errors）

In recent years , a growing number of Chinese cities begun to construct the subways .Developing subways helps reduce the traffic congestion and air pollution. The subway has safety, speed and comfort . A growing number of people choose subways as the main transportation to go to school or work. Today, it is becoming increasingly convenient to ride a subway in China .In some cities ,passengers can take the subway by simply
using a card or cell phone. In addition , a large number of local senior citizens are eligible for free subway rides.

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2.2主语

2.2.1主语的成分

1. 名词
2. 代词（替代名词性出现）
3. 非谓语动词
   非谓语动词充当主语，动词用单数。
4. 从句
   不能用形容词哦！

• strength and handsomeness are his character.
• Being strong and handsome is his character.

2.2.2主语是否能缺失？不能

如果没有主语，四种处理方式

1. 加it作为主语：必须与天气、温度、时间有关系。
   eg：重庆冬天很潮湿
   In Chongqing , it is humid in winter.
   eg：雨一直下
   It keeps raining.

2. there be 句型：当一句话没有主语，并且听到“有”的时候使用。
   eg：有很多人喜欢我
   There exist a crowd of undergraduates adoring me.
   eg：有很多原因解释我的观点
   There are numerous factors accounting for my perspective .

3. 变主动为被动
   一般用人称代词做主语的句子，都可以考虑写成被动。
   eg：必须指出坚持是成功的必备因素。
   Perseverance must be pointed out to be an indispensable factor in our success.
   eg：越来越多的人认为污染很严重。
   Pollution is realized severe by increasing number of people.

4. 加人称代词
   eg:上学
   We/You/I go to school .

动词后面如果跟的有介词，该动词无被动
系动词没有被动
have翻译成"有"的时候没有被动

2.3宾语

2.3.1宾语的成分

1. 名词
2. 代词
3. 非谓语动词
4. 从句

形容词，介词短语 不能充当宾语。

2.4表语

2.4.1表语的成分

1. 名词
2. 代词
3. 非谓语动词
4. 从句
5. 形容词
6. 介词短语

2.5动词的分类

2.5.1实义动词

1. 及物动词（vt.）：必须跟宾语
2. 不及物动词（vi.）：需加介词跟宾语（也可以不加宾语）

2.5.2系动词

• 表状态：be
• 表感官：look smile taste sound feel
  I am no taste for the music .
• 表变化：become get turn grow fall
• 表保持：keep stay remain stand
• 表表象：seem appear
• 表终止或结果：prove

2.5.3情态动词

1. 表示现在和将来的推测：情态动词+动词原形

• You get up so late,so you must feel hungry.
  must 表推测时，否定为 can not
• It is cold today.It should snow tomorrow.

2. 对过去的推测
   have done

我爱你
但是我不敢说
我害怕我说了
我会死去
不，我不怕死
我怕我死了没有人像我这样爱你

• He must have been abased in his university .
• You need not have shown your love in this way.
• I could have become an excellent poet.
• He should have married a rich lady.

must have done	一定做过某事
needn’t have done	本没必要做某事，但是做了
could have done	本能够做某事，但没有做（遗憾）
should have done	本应该做某事

2.5.4助动词

1.含义
帮助谓语动词一起构成否定、疑问、时态、语态等