启动并行任务 （concrrent.futures)

1.关于concurrent.futures

# 摘

import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request

URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
        'http://www.cnn.com/',
        'http://europe.wsj.com/',
        'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
        'http://some-made-up-domain.com/']

# Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents
def load_url(url, timeout):
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:
        return conn.read()

# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
    # Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
    future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
        url = future_to_url[future]
        try:
            data = future.result()
        except Exception as exc:
            print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
        else:
            print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))

• 对于HTTP & HTTPS URL，urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout)返回一个可供with上下文管理器调用的对象http.client.HTTPResponse对象。方法.read(num)返回指定页面内容，默认返回全部页面全部内容。如需解码需使用.decode('utf-8')如下指定：

  with urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.python.org/') as f:
  ...     print(f.read(100).decode('utf-8'))
  

• 区别于requests.get()，其返回一个Response对象，包括返回结果的类型、状态码、编码方式、cookies等。

   import concurrent.futures
  import requests
  
  URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
          'http://www.cnn.com/',
          'http://europe.wsj.com/',
          'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
          'http://some-made-up-domain.com/']
  
  # Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents
  def load_url(url, timeout):
      try:
          req = requests.get(url, timeout=timeout)
          req.raise_for_status()
          req.encoding = req.apparent_encoding
          return req.text
      except:
          return '404'
  
  # We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
  with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
      # Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
      future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
      for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
          url = future_to_url[future]
          try:
              data = future.result()
          except Exception as exc:
              print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
          else:
              print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))
              
  # ********************输出
  'http://www.foxnews.com/' page is 226081 bytes
  'http://www.cnn.com/' page is 991488 bytes
  'http://www.bbc.co.uk/' page is 3 bytes
  'http://some-made-up-domain.com/' page is 3 bytes
  'http://europe.wsj.com/' page is 3 bytes
  

• Executor Objects 抽象类(concurrent.futures.Executor)，不直接使用，通常使用其子类concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor，concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor，concurrent.futures.Future.

• concurrent.futures.Executor有三个基本的方法，.submit(func, *agrs, **kw)，map(func, *iterables, timeout=None, chunksize=1)，shutdown(wait=True)。使用with语句，可以避免显示调用.shutdown()。

• concurrent.futures.wait()等待Future运行完成，concurrent.futures.as_completed()返回一个Future的迭代器。