C++ 虚基类

为什么要虚基类？
看如下代码：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base0 {
public:
    int var0;
    void fun0() { cout << "Member of Base0" << endl; }
};
class Base1:  public Base0 {
public: 
    int var1;
};
class Base2:  public Base0 {
public: 
    int var2;
};


class Derived: public Base1, public Base2 {
//定义派生类Derived 
public: 
    int var;
    void fun() {
        cout << "Member of Derived" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {    
    Derived d;
    d.Base1::Base0::var0 = 2; //报错 var0不明确
    d.Base2::Base0::var0 = 3;     //报错 var0不明确
    cout<<d.var0<<endl; //报错 var0不明确
    return 0;
}

Base1,Base2均继承于Base0,此时Derived又继承于Base1,Base2。于是，在这种情况下，Derived对象中会有两个Base0对象，当想去获得d.var0的时候，编译器会搞不清楚到底要获得哪个Base0对象的var0,索性直接认为这是一种危险的操作，直接无法编译。

正确的做法是继承时声明为虚基类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base0 {   
public:
    Base0(int var) : var0(var) { }
    int var0;
    void fun0() { cout << "Member of Base0" << endl; }
};
class Base1: virtual public Base0 {
public: 
    Base1(int var) : Base0(var) { }
    int var1;
};
class Base2: virtual public Base0 { 
public:
    Base2(int var) : Base0(var) { }
    int var2;
};

class Derived: public Base1, public Base2 {
public:
    Derived(int var) : Base0(var), Base1(var), Base2(var) 
   { }
    int var;
    void fun() 
   { cout << "Member of Derived" << endl; }
};

int main() {    //程序主函数
    Derived d(1);
    d.var0 = 2; //直接访问虚基类的数据成员
    d.fun0();   //直接访问虚基类的函数成员
    return 0;
}

注意声明虚基类继承

class Base1: virtual public Base0

这样一来，最远派生类会认为最远基类为唯一的基类，而不会产生二义性