一个案例深入理解复制构造函数和赋值运算符重载函数的调用时机

一.复制构造函数
1.用于将一个对象复制到新创建的对象中，注意初始化一词。也就是说，它用于初始化过程中，而不是常规的赋值中。
2.每当程序生成了对象副本时，编译器都将使用复制构造函数。具体的说，当函数按值传递对象或函数返回对象时，都将调用复制构造函数。

一个案例，源自《C++ Primer Plus》第12章课后习题的第2题。
当实例中打印copy时说明调用了复制构造函数，打印‘=’时说明调用了赋值运算符重载函数。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "String.h"
int main()
{
	String s1(" and I am a C++ student.");//String(const char *)构造函数
	String s2 = "Please enter your name: ";//隐式类型转换，等价于String s2(const char *);不涉及复制构造
	String s3;//默认构造函数
	cout << s2;
	cin >> s3;
	s2 = "My name is " + s3;//"+"、"=" overload   (const char * + String)
	cout << s2<<".\n";
	s2 = s2 + s1;//"+"overload  String+String
	s2.stringup();
	cout << "The string\n" << s2 << "\ncontains " << s2.has('A')
		<< " 'A' characters in it.\n";
	s1 = "red";//等价于 s1 = String(const char *);
	String rgb[3] = { String(s1)/*复制构造*/,String("green"),String("blue") };
	cout << "Enter the name of a primary color for mixing light: ";
	String ans;
	bool success = false;
	while (cin >> ans)
	{
		ans.stringlow();
		for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		{
			if (ans == rgb[i])//overload == 
			{
				cout << "That's right!\n";
				success = true;
				break;
			}	
		}
		if (success)
			break;
		else
			cout << "Try again!\n";
	}
	cout << "Bye!\n";
	while (1);
	return 0;
}

函数的定义代码中详细描述了复制构造函数的调用时机。

#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
#include "String.h"
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
String::String(const char * s)
{
	//cout << "const char *";
	len = strlen(s);
	str = new char[len + 1];
	strcpy(str, s);
}
String::String(const String & st)
{
	cout << "copy";
	len = st.len;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	strcpy(str, st.str);
}
String::String()
{
	len = 0;
	str = new char[1];
	str = '\0';
}
String& String::operator=(const String & st)
{
	cout << "=";
	if (this == &st) return *this;
	delete[] str;
	len = st.len;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	strcpy(str, st.str);
	return *this;
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os,const String & st)
{
	os << st.str;
	return os;
}
istream& operator>>(istream& is, String & st)
{
	char ch[80];
	is.getline(ch, 80);
	st.len = strlen(ch);
	st.str = new char[st.len + 1];
	strcpy(st.str, ch);
	return is;
}
String operator+(const char * s, const String & st)
{
	String temp;
	temp.len = strlen(s) + st.len;
	temp.str = new char[temp.len + 1];
	strcpy(temp.str, s);
	strcat(temp.str, st.str);
	return temp;//返回局部变量，必须按值传递。按值传递，调用复制构造函数
}
String& String::operator+(const String & st)
{
	len += st.len;
	char temp[80];
	strcpy(temp, str);
	delete[] str;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	strcpy(str, temp);
	strcat(str, st.str);
	return *this;
}
void String::stringup()
{
	for (int i = 0; i <= len; i++)
		str[i] = toupper(str[i]);
}
int String::has(char ch)
{
	int count = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i <= len; i++)
		if (str[i] == ch)
			count++;
	return count;
}
void String::stringlow()
{
	for (int i = 0; i <= len; i++)
		str[i] = tolower(str[i]);
}
bool String::operator==(const String & st)
{
	if (len != st.len)
		return false;
	for (int i = 0; i <= len; i++)
		if (str[i] != st.str[i])
			return false;
	return true;
}
String::~String()
{
	delete[] str;
}