链表的基本操作(C实现)

链表是一种物理存储结构上非连续、非顺序的存储结构,数据元素的逻辑顺序是通过链表中的指针链接次序实现的 。
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实际中链表的结构非常多样,以下情况组合起来就有8种链表结构:

  1. 单向、双向
  2. 带头、不带头
  3. 循环、非循环

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虽然有这么多的链表的结构,但是我们实际中最常用还是两种结构
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  1. 无头单向非循环链表:结构简单,一般不会单独用来存数据。实际中更多是作为其他数据结构的子结构,如哈希桶。
  2. 带头双向循环链表:结构最复杂,一般用在单独存储数据。实际中使用的链表数据结构,都是带头双向循环链表。另外这个结构虽然结构复杂,但是使用代码实现以后会发现结构会带来很多优势,实现反而简单了。

无头单向非循环链表

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>

typedef int DataType;

typedef struct Node
{
	struct Node* _next;
	DataType _data;
}Node;

//实现不带头单向非循环链表
typedef struct LinkList
{
	Node* _head;
}LinkList;

//初始化
void Init(LinkList* lk)
{
	lk->_head = NULL;
}

//创建节点
Node* CreatNode(DataType val)
{
	Node* node = (Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node));
	node->_next = NULL;
	node->_data = val;
	return node;
}

//尾插
void PushBack(LinkList* lk, DataType val)
{
	Node* node = CreatNode(val);
	if (lk->_head == NULL)
	{
		lk->_head = node;
	}
	else
	{
		Node* cur = lk->_head;
		while (cur->_next)
		{
			cur = cur->_next;
		}
		cur->_next = node;
	}
}

//尾删
void PopBack(LinkList* lk)
{
	assert(lk->_head != NULL);
	Node* prev = NULL;
	Node* cur = lk->_head;
	while (cur->_next)
	{
		prev = cur;
		cur = cur->_next;
	}

	if (cur == lk->_head)
	{
		lk->_head = NULL;
	}
	else
	{
		prev->_next = NULL;
	}
	free(cur);
}

//头插
void PushFront(LinkList* lk, DataType val)
{
	Node* node = CreatNode(val);
	if (lk->_head == NULL)
	{
		lk->_head = node;
	}
	else
	{
		node->_next = lk->_head;
		lk->_head = node;
	}
}

//头删
void PopFront(LinkList* lk)
{
	assert(lk->_head != NULL);
	Node* next = lk->_head->_next;
	free(lk->_head);
	lk->_head = next;
}

//在pos位置后插入元素
void InsertAfter(Node* pos, DataType val)
{
	if (pos == NULL)
	{
		return;
	}
	Node* node = CreatNode(val);
	node->_next = pos->_next;
	pos->_next = node;
}

//删除pos位置后的元素
void EraseAfter(Node* pos)
{
	if (pos == NULL)
	{
		return;
	}

	Node* next = pos->_next;
	if (next)
	{
		pos->_next = next->_next;
		free(next);
	}
}

//查找
Node* Find(LinkList* lk, DataType val)
{
	Node* cur = lk->_head;
	while (cur)
	{
		if (cur->_data == val)
		{
			return cur;
		}
		cur = cur->_next;
	}
	return NULL;
}

//销毁
void Destroy(LinkList* lk)
{
	if (lk->_head)
	{
		Node* cur = lk->_head;
		while (cur)
		{
			Node* next = cur->_next;
			free(cur);
			cur = next;
		}
	}
}

//打印链表
void Print(LinkList* lk)
{
	Node* cur = lk->_head;
	while (cur)
	{
		printf("%d ", cur->_data);
		cur = cur->_next;
	}
	printf("\n");
}

//查找链表中倒数第二个节点
Node* FindLastPrev(LinkList* lk)
{
	if (lk->_head == NULL || lk->_head->_next == NULL)
	{
		return NULL;
	}

	Node* cur = lk->_head;
	while (cur->_next->_next)
	{
		cur = cur->_next;
	}
	return cur;
}

//删除链表中第一个遇到的data所在的节点
void Remove(LinkList* lk, DataType val)
{
	if (lk->_head == NULL)
	{
		return;
	}

	Node* cur = lk->_head;
	if (lk->_head->_data == val)
	{
		lk->_head = cur->_next;
		free(cur);
		return;
	}

	while (cur->_next)
	{
		if (cur->_next->_data == val)
		{
			Node* next = cur->_next;
			cur->_next = next->_next;
			free(next);
			return;
		}
		cur = cur->_next;
	}
}

测试用例

void Test()
{
	LinkList ll;
	Init(&ll);
	PushBack(&ll, 1);
	PushFront(&ll, 2);
	PushFront(&ll, 3);
	PushFront(&ll, 4);
	PushFront(&ll, 5);
	PushFront(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 2);
	PushBack(&ll, 3);
	PushBack(&ll, 4);
	PushBack(&ll, 5);
	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 7);
	//654321234567
	Print(&ll);

	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopFront(&ll);
	Print(&ll);

	PushBack(&ll, 1);
	PushFront(&ll, 2);
	PushFront(&ll, 3);
	PushFront(&ll, 4);
	PushFront(&ll, 5);
	PushFront(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 2);
	PushBack(&ll, 3);
	PushBack(&ll, 4);
	PushBack(&ll, 5);
	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 7);
	//65432345671234567
	Print(&ll);
}

void Test2()
{
	LinkList ll;
	Init(&ll);
	PushBack(&ll, 1);
	PushBack(&ll, 2);
	PushBack(&ll, 3);
	PushBack(&ll, 4);
	PushBack(&ll, 5);
	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 7);
	//1234567
	Print(&ll);

	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
	PopBack(&ll);
	Print(&ll);
}

void Test3()
{
	LinkList ll;
	Init(&ll);
	PushBack(&ll, 1);
	PushBack(&ll, 2);
	PushBack(&ll, 3);
	PushBack(&ll, 4);
	PushBack(&ll, 5);
	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 7);
	//1234567
	Print(&ll);
}

void Test4()
{
	LinkList ll;
	Init(&ll);
	PushBack(&ll, 1);
	PushBack(&ll, 2);
	PushBack(&ll, 3);
	PushBack(&ll, 4);
	PushBack(&ll, 5);
	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 7);
	//1234567
	Print(&ll);

	Node* pos = Find(&ll, 5);
	InsertAfter(pos, 100);
	Print(&ll);
}

void Test5()
{
	LinkList ll;
	Init(&ll);
	PushBack(&ll, 1);
	PushBack(&ll, 2);
	PushBack(&ll, 3);
	PushBack(&ll, 4);
	PushBack(&ll, 5);
	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	PushBack(&ll, 7);
	//1234567
	Print(&ll);

	Node* pos = FindLastPrev(&ll);
	InsertAfter(pos, 600);
	Print(&ll);

	PushBack(&ll, 6);
	Print(&ll);
	Remove(&ll, 6);
	Print(&ll);
}

带头双向循环链表

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>

typedef int DataType;

typedef struct Node
{
	struct Node* _next;
	struct Node* _prev;
	DataType _data;
}Node;

//带头双向循环链表
typedef struct DoubleLoopList
{
	Node* _head;
}DoubleLoopList;

//创建节点
Node* CreatNode(DataType val)
{
	Node* node = (Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node));
	node->_next = NULL;
	node->_prev = NULL;
	node->_data = val;
	return node;
}

//初始化
void Init(DoubleLoopList* ls)
{
	ls->_head = CreatNode(0);
	ls->_head->_next = ls->_head;
	ls->_head->_prev = ls->_head;
}

//尾插
void PushBack(DoubleLoopList* ls, DataType val)
{
	Node* node = CreatNode(val);
	Node* last = ls->_head->_prev;

	last->_next = node;
	node->_prev = last;

	node->_next = ls->_head;
	ls->_head->_prev = node;
}

//尾删
void PopBack(DoubleLoopList* ls)
{
	if (ls->_head->_next == ls->_head)
	{
		return;
	}

	Node* last = ls->_head->_prev;
	Node* prev = last->_prev;
	prev->_next = ls->_head;
	ls->_head->_prev = prev;
	free(last);
}

//头插
void PushFront(DoubleLoopList* ls, DataType val)
{
	Node* node = CreatNode(val);
	Node* next = ls->_head->_next;

	ls->_head->_next = node;
	node->_prev = ls->_head;

	node->_next = next;
	next->_prev = node;
}

//头删
void PopFront(DoubleLoopList* ls)
{
	if (ls->_head->_next == ls->_head)
	{
		return;
	}

	Node* cur = ls->_head->_next;
	Node* next = cur->_next;
	ls->_head->_next = next;
	next->_prev = ls->_head;
	free(cur);
}

//在pos位置前插入元素
void Insert(Node* pos, DataType val)
{
	Node* node = CreatNode(val);
	Node* prev = pos->_prev;

	node->_next = pos;
	pos->_prev = node;
	prev->_next = node;
	node->_prev = prev;
}

//删除pos所在位置的元素
void Erase(Node* pos)
{
	if (pos == NULL)
	{
		return;
	}

	Node* prev = pos->_prev;
	Node* next = pos->_next;
	free(pos);

	prev->_next = next;
	next->_prev = prev;
}

//查找
Node* Find(DoubleLoopList* ls, DataType val)
{
	if (ls->_head->_next == ls->_head)
	{
		return NULL;
	}

	Node* cur = ls->_head->_next;
	while (cur != ls->_head)
	{
		if (cur->_data == val)
		{
			return cur;
		}
		cur = cur->_next;
	}
	return NULL;
}

//销毁
void Destroy(DoubleLoopList* ls)
{
	Node* cur = ls->_head->_next;
	while (cur != ls->_head)
	{
		Node* next = cur->_next;
		free(cur);
		cur = next;
	}
	free(ls->_head);
	ls->_head = NULL;
}

//打印链表
void Print(DoubleLoopList* ls)
{
	Node* cur = ls->_head->_next;
	while (cur != ls->_head)
	{
		printf("%d ", cur->_data);
		cur = cur->_next;
	}
	printf("\n");
}

测试用例

void Test()
{
	DoubleLoopList ls;
	Init(&ls);
	Print(&ls);

	PushBack(&ls, 1);
	Print(&ls);
	PushBack(&ls, 2);
	Print(&ls);
	PushBack(&ls, 3);
	Print(&ls);
	PushBack(&ls, 4);
	Print(&ls);

	PopBack(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopBack(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopBack(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopBack(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopBack(&ls);
	Print(&ls);

	Destroy(&ls);
}


void Test2()
{
	DoubleLoopList ls;
	Init(&ls);
	PushFront(&ls, 1);
	Print(&ls);
	PushFront(&ls, 2);
	Print(&ls);
	PushFront(&ls, 3);
	Print(&ls);
	PushFront(&ls, 4);
	Print(&ls);

	PopFront(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopFront(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopFront(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopFront(&ls);
	Print(&ls);
	PopFront(&ls);
	Print(&ls);

	Destroy(&ls);
}

void Test3()
{
	DoubleLoopList ls;
	Init(&ls);
	PushBack(&ls, 1);
	PushBack(&ls, 2);
	PushBack(&ls, 3);
	PushBack(&ls, 4);
	Print(&ls);

	Node* pos = Find(&ls, 3);
	Insert(pos, 20);
	Print(&ls);

	Erase(pos);
	Print(&ls);
	Destroy(&ls);
}
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