mysql基础

1.关系型数据库介绍

数据结构模型主要有：

• 层次模型
• 网状结构
• 关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

• MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
• PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
• Oracle
• MSSQL

事务：多个操作被当作一个整体对待就称为一个事务

SQL：Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

约束：constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

• 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
  • 一个表只能存在一个
• 惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
  • 一个表可以存在多个
• 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
• 检查性约束

索引：将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

关系运算：

• 选择：挑选出符合条件的行（部分行）
• 投影：挑选出需要的字段
• 连接

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

• 数据库：database
• 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
• 索引：index
• 视图：view
• 用户：user
• 权限：privilege
• 存储过程：procedure
• 存储函数：function
• 触发器：trigger
• 事件调度器：event scheduler

2.mysql安装与配置

2.1mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种：

• 源代码：编译安装
• 二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
• 程序包管理器管理的程序包：
  • rpm：有两种
    OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
    项目官方提供的
  • deb

2.2mysql二进制安装

//创建用户和用户组

[root@xaii ~]# groupadd -r mysql
[root@xaii ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql
[root@xaii ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
tar: mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz：无法 open: 没有那个文件或目录
tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now
[root@xaii ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@xaii local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
"mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/"

//修改目录属主属组

[root@xaii local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql

//添加环境变量

[root@xaii local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH'>/etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@xaii local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@xaii local]#  echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

//建立数据库存放目录

[root@xaii local]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@xaii local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/

//生成配置文件

[root@xaii local]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@xaii local]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

//配置启动服务脚本

[root@xaii ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@xaii ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@xaii ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

2.3 删除和备份

//启动mysql服务

[root@xaii ~]#	/etc/init.d/mysqld start
[root@xaii ~]#	ps -ef|grep mysql

//使用临时密码修改为新密码

[root@xaii ~]#	mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
mysql> set password = password('123456!') ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//创建仓库和表

mysql> create database Jauli;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> use Jauli;
Database changed
mysql> create table student(id int(11)NOT NULL,name char(100)NOT NULL,age tinyint NULL);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> create database qin;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use Jau;
Database changed
mysql> create table student(id int(11)NOT NULL,name char(100)NOT NULL,age tinyint NULL);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

//查看数据库和表然后备份

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| Jau                |
| Jauli              |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.05 sec)
mysql> use Jauli
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_Jauli   |
+-------------------+
| student           |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//删除表和还原表

mysql> drop table student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec) 
[root@xaii ~]# mysql -uroot -p Jauli 	
< student-table-20180926.sql Enter password: 
[root@xaii ~]# mysql -uroot -p
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| Jau                |
| Jauli              |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use Jauli;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_Jauli   |
+-------------------+
| student           |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//删除库然后还原库

mysql> drop database Jauli;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| Jau                |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
[root@xaiit ~]# mysql -uroot -p  < Jauli-database-20180926.sql
Enter password: 
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| Jau                |
| bebejo             |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.实例

• 1.创建一个以你名字为名的数据库，并创建一张表的学生，该表包含三个字段（ID，姓名，年龄），表结构如下：

mysql> desc student;
±------±-------------±-----±----±--------±------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
±------±-------------±-----±----±--------±------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
±------±-------------±-----±----±--------±------+

• 操作过程：

[root@xaii]# mysql -uroot -Jauli
mysql> create database Jauli;
mysql> use Jauli
mysql> create table student(id int(11) NOT NULL,name CHAR(100) NOT NULL,age tinyint NULL);
mysql> DESC qinyong.student;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)    | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | char(100)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

• 2.查看下该新建的表有无内容（用select语句）

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

• 3 往新建的student表中插入数据（用insert语句），结果应如下所示：

+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+

• 操作过程如下：

mysql> insert into student (id,name,age)values (1,'tom',20),(2,'jerry',23),(3,'wangqing',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',NULL),(8,'chenshuo',10),(9,'wangwu',3),(10,'qiuyi',15),(11,'qiuxiaotian',20);
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
--------------------- 

• 5.以下字段降序排序

mysql> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
+----+-------------+------+c;
--------------------- 

• 6查询学生表中年龄最小的3位同学

mysql> select * from student order by age limit 3;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name     | age  |
+----+----------+------+
|  9 | wangwu   |    3 |
|  8 | chenshuo |   10 |
| 10 | qiuyi    |   15 |
+----+----------+------+
--------------------- 

• 7 查询学生表中年龄最大的4位同学

mysql> select * from student order by age desc limit 4;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
+----+-----------+------+
--------------------- 

• 8 查询学生表中名字叫zhangsan的记录

mysql> select name from student where name='zhangshan';
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| zhangshan |
| zhangshan |
+-----------+

• 9 查询学生表中名字叫zhangsan且年龄大于20岁的记录

mysql> select name from student where age>20 and name='zhangshan';
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| zhangshan |

• 10 查询学生表中年龄在23到30之间的记录

mysql> select name from student where age between 23 and 30 ;
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| jerry     |
| wangqing  |
| sean      |
| zhangshan |
+-----------+
--------------------- 

• 11.修改wangwu的年龄为100

mysql> update student set age = 100 where name = 'wangwu';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
--------------------- 

• 12 删除学生中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

mysql> delete from student where name='zhangshan' and  age <= 20;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
---------------------