numpy task4

向量化和广播

import numpy as np

x = np.arange(4).reshape(4, 1)
y = np.ones(5)

print(x.shape)  # (4, 1)
print(y.shape)  # (5,)

print((x + y).shape)  # (4, 5)
print(x + y)
# [[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
#  [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
#  [3. 3. 3. 3. 3.]
#  [4. 4. 4. 4. 4.]]

x = np.array([0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0])
y = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
z = x[:, np.newaxis] + y
'''
what is x[:, np.newaxis]?
[[0.0],
[10.0],
[20.0],
[30.0]]
'''

print(z)
# [[ 1.  2.  3.]
#  [11. 12. 13.]
#  [21. 22. 23.]
#  [31. 32. 33.]]

数学函数

np.cumsum(data, axis=) 延某个轴计算轴上数据的和
np.cumprod(data, axis=) 延某个轴计算轴上数据的积
np.diff(data, n=, axis=) 求差值，n是运算几次，axis指轴

import numpy as np

A = np.arange(2, 14).reshape((3, 4))
A[1, 1] = 8
print(A)
# [[ 2  3  4  5]
#  [ 6  8  8  9]
#  [10 11 12 13]]
print(np.diff(A))
# [[1 1 1]
#  [2 0 1]
#  [1 1 1]]
print(np.diff(A, axis=0))
# [[4 5 4 4]
#  [4 3 4 4]]

逻辑函数

np.all()
np.any()

import numpy as np

a = np.array([0, 4, 5])
b = np.copy(a)
print(np.all(a == b))  # True
print(np.any(a == b))  # True

b[0] = 1
print(np.all(a == b))  # False
print(np.any(a == b))  # True

print(np.all([1.0, np.nan]))  # True
print(np.any([1.0, np.nan]))  # True

a = np.eye(3) # np.eye(3)返回一个3维的对角单位矩阵
print(np.all(a, axis=0))  # [False False False]
print(np.any(a, axis=0))  # [ True  True  True]

np.isclose() # 判断两个数组中的各个元素在不在对应元素的附近某个范围内
np.allclose() # 对全部元素情况进行判断
numpy.isclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=1.e-8, equal_nan=False) Returns a boolean array where two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.
numpy.allclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=1.e-8, equal_nan=False) Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.
numpy.allclose() 等价于 numpy.all(isclose(a, b, rtol=rtol, atol=atol, equal_nan=equal_nan))。

判断依据
np.absolute(a - b) <= (atol + rtol * absolute(b))

• atol：float，绝对公差。
• rtol：float，相对公差。

import numpy as np

x = np.isclose([1e10, 1e-7], [1.00001e10, 1e-8])
print(x)  # [ True False]

x = np.allclose([1e10, 1e-7], [1.00001e10, 1e-8])
print(x)  # False

x = np.isclose([1e10, 1e-8], [1.00001e10, 1e-9])
print(x)  # [ True  True]

x = np.allclose([1e10, 1e-8], [1.00001e10, 1e-9])
print(x)  # True

x = np.isclose([1e10, 1e-8], [1.0001e10, 1e-9])
print(x)  # [False  True]

x = np.allclose([1e10, 1e-8], [1.0001e10, 1e-9])
print(x)  # False

x = np.isclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan])
print(x)  # [ True False]

x = np.allclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan])
print(x)  # False

x = np.isclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan], equal_nan=True)
print(x)  # [ True  True]

x = np.allclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan], equal_nan=True)
print(x)  # True