AVL树实现动态集合寻找第k小数
如果是在静态数组中寻找第k小数的话,可以利用快排思想,在快排代码基础上更改一些,便可完成,时间复杂度为O(n),具体实现不展示。
但是在一个动态集合中,有着频繁的更新和删除操作的话,其实静态数组来实现并不合适,因为插入和删除操作的并不方便,以下是利用AVL树来实现。
具体操作为:在AVL树的基础下,在树中的每个节点中添加一个域——以该节点为根节点的子树的节点数,设为subTreeSize,其它域同AVL树。对于插入操作(函数addNewNode),在插入新节点节点的过程中每遍历到一个节点,更新其子树大小(即插入后子树大小加一);对于删除操作(函数deleteOldNode),如正操的二叉查找树的插入操作,只是在删除递归过程中更新节点的子树大小(即插入后子树大小减一),插入和删除操作时间复杂度均为O(log n)(即树高)。然后找到第k小的操作(findKth),若往左边遍历k的值不发生变化,且节点的值的排序大小为其左子树的节点数+1,而往右遍历时,由于左边子树及当前根节点的值都小于要找的第k小值,此时k-当前节点的排序大小(即在右子树里的相对大小),时间复杂度也为O(log n),具体实现代码如下:
数据结构的定义
typedef struct AVLNode* Position;
typedef Position AVLTree; /* AVL树类型 */
struct AVLNode {
int value;
AVLTree left;
AVLTree right;
int height; //树高
int subTreeSize;//以当前节点为根节点的子树大小
};
所用到的函数
Position findMin(AVLTree Tree) { //找到树中最小元素
if (Tree->left)
return findMin(Tree->left);
else
return Tree;
}
Position findMax(AVLTree Tree) { //找到树中最大元素
if (Tree->right)
return findMin(Tree->left);
else
return Tree;
}
int getHeight(AVLTree Tree) { //得到树高
if (!Tree)return 0;
return max(getHeight(Tree->left), getHeight(Tree->right)) + 1;
}
int getSubTreeSize(AVLTree Tree) {
int cnt = 0;
if (Tree->left)
cnt = Tree->left->subTreeSize + 1;
else cnt = 1;
if (Tree->right)
cnt += Tree->right->subTreeSize;
return cnt;
}
AVLTree LL_Rotation(AVLTree Tree) { //LL旋转
AVLTree tmp = Tree->left;
Tree->left = tmp->right;
tmp->right = Tree;
Tree->height = max(getHeight(Tree->left), getHeight(Tree->right)) + 1;
tmp->height = max(getHeight(tmp->left), Tree->height) + 1;
tmp->subTreeSize = Tree->subTreeSize;
Tree->subTreeSize = getSubTreeSize(Tree);
return tmp;
}
AVLTree RR_Rotation(AVLTree Tree) { //RR旋转
AVLTree tmp = Tree->right;
Tree->right = tmp->left;
tmp->left = Tree;
Tree->height = max(getHeight(Tree->left), getHeight(Tree->right)) + 1;
tmp->height = max(getHeight(tmp->right), Tree->height) + 1;
tmp->subTreeSize = Tree->subTreeSize;
Tree->subTreeSize = getSubTreeSize(Tree);
return tmp;
}
AVLTree LR_Rotation(AVLTree Tree){ //LR旋转
Tree->left = RR_Rotation(Tree->left);
return LL_Rotation(Tree);
}
AVLTree RL_Rotation(AVLTree Tree) { //RL旋转
Tree->right = LL_Rotation(Tree->right);
return RR_Rotation(Tree);
}
AVLTree addNewNode(AVLTree Tree, int value){
if (!Tree) {
Tree = (AVLTree)malloc(sizeof(struct AVLNode));
Tree->value = value;
Tree->height = 0;
Tree->left = Tree->right = NULL;
Tree->subTreeSize = 1;
}
else if (value < Tree->value) { //左子树中
Tree->left = addNewNode(Tree->left, value);
Tree->subTreeSize++;
if (getHeight(Tree->left) - getHeight(Tree->right) == 2)//若平衡被破坏
if (value < Tree->left->value) //判断是进行LL旋转还是LR旋转
Tree = LL_Rotation(Tree);
else
Tree = LR_Rotation(Tree);
}
else if (value > Tree->value) {//又子树中
Tree->right = addNewNode(Tree->right, value);
Tree->subTreeSize++;
if (getHeight(Tree->left) - getHeight(Tree->right) == -2)//若平衡被破坏
if (value > Tree->right->value)//判断是进行RR旋转还是RL旋转
Tree = RR_Rotation(Tree);
else
Tree = RL_Rotation(Tree);
}
//更新树高
Tree->height = max(getHeight(Tree->left), getHeight(Tree->right)) + 1;
return Tree;
}
AVLTree deleteOldNode(AVLTree Tree, int value) { //删除节点
Position tmp;
if (!Tree)
printf("not find\n");
else {
if (value < Tree->value) {//往左,删除节点后可能导致右子树失去平衡
Tree->subTreeSize--; //则以该节点为根节点子树大小减一
Tree->left = deleteOldNode(Tree->left, value);
if (getHeight(Tree->left) - getHeight(Tree->right) == -2) {//若平衡被破坏
tmp = Tree->right;
if (getHeight(tmp->left)> getHeight(tmp->right))//判断是进行RR旋转还是RL旋转
Tree = RL_Rotation(Tree); //若左子树高度大于右子树则做RL旋转
else
Tree = RR_Rotation(Tree); //否则做RR旋转
}
}
else if (value > Tree->value) {//往右,删除节点后可能导致左子树失去平衡
Tree->right = deleteOldNode(Tree->right, value);
Tree->subTreeSize--;
if (getHeight(Tree->left) - getHeight(Tree->right) == 2) {//若平衡被破坏
tmp = Tree->left;
if (getHeight(tmp->left) > getHeight(tmp->right)) //判断是进行LL旋转还是LR旋转
Tree = LL_Rotation(Tree);//原理同上
else
Tree = LR_Rotation(Tree);
}
}
else {//找到要删除节点
if (Tree->left && Tree->right) { //若节点左右儿子均存在
if (getHeight(Tree->left) > getHeight(Tree->right)) { //为尽量使得树平衡,判断去寻找左子树的最大值还是右子树的最小值
tmp = findMax(Tree->left); //找到左子树中最大元素
Tree->value = tmp->value; //与要删除节点互换位置
Tree->subTreeSize--; //更新子树大小
Tree->left= deleteOldNode(Tree->left, Tree->value);
}
else {
tmp = findMin(Tree->right); //找到右子树中最小元素
Tree->value = tmp->value; //与要删除节点互换位置
Tree->subTreeSize--; //更新子树大小
Tree->right = deleteOldNode(Tree->right, Tree->value); //到右子树中将相应位置删除
}
}
else { //有一个或无儿子
tmp = Tree;
if (!Tree->left) //只有右儿子或无子结点
Tree = Tree->right;
else // 只有左儿子
Tree = Tree->left;
free(tmp);
}
}
}
return Tree;
}
AVLTree createTree(int a[], int n) {
if (!n)return NULL;
AVLTree Tree = NULL;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
Tree = addNewNode(Tree, a[i]);
return Tree;
}
int findKth(AVLTree Tree, int k) {//寻找第k小的数
if (k > Tree->subTreeSize)return -inf;
if (!Tree->left && !Tree->right)return Tree->value;
if (Tree->left) {
int now = Tree->left->subTreeSize + 1;
if (now == k)return Tree->value;
else if (now > k)
return findKth(Tree->left, k);
if (Tree->right)
return findKth(Tree->right, k - now);
}
else {
if (k == 1)
return Tree->value;
else
return findKth(Tree->right, k - 1);
}
}
调试代码
void qxbl(AVLTree Tree) { //前序遍历
if (Tree) {
printf("%d %d\n", Tree->value, Tree->subTreeSize);
qxbl(Tree->left);
qxbl(Tree->right);
}
}
int main() {
int n = 8;
int a[] = { 1,2,9,4,5,11,7,8 };
AVLTree Tree = createTree(a, n);
qxbl(Tree);
char ty;
int k;
while (cin >> ty) { //判断操作类型 a为插入节点 b为删除节点 c为查询第k小的数
cin >> k;
if (ty == 'a') {
Tree = addNewNode(Tree, k);//添加新节点
printf("Add success!\n");
qxbl(Tree);
}
else if (ty == 'b') {
Tree = deleteOldNode(Tree, k); //删除节点
printf("Delete successful!\n");
qxbl(Tree);
}
else
printf("The %d-th small number:%d\n", k, findKth(Tree, k));
}
return 0;
}
运行结果如下
5 8
2 3
1 1
4 1
9 4
7 2
8 1
11 1
a 3
Add success!
5 9
2 4
1 1
4 2
3 1
9 4
7 2
8 1
11 1
c 5
The 5-th small number:5
b 5
Delete successful!
7 8
2 4
1 1
4 2
3 1
9 3
8 1
11 1
c 5
The 5-th small number:7