mysql——子查询

#进阶7：子查询
/*
含义：出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询，外部查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
	select 后面：
		标量子查询
	from后面：
		表子查询
	where或having后面（重点）
		标量子查询（单行子查询）
		列子查询（多行子查询）
		行子查询
	exists后面
		表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同：
	标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
	列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
	行子查询（结果集只有一行多列）
	表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）
	
*/

#一、where或having后面
/*
标量子查询
列子查询
行子查询询

特点：
1.子查询放在小括号内
2.子查询一般放在条件右侧
3.标量子查询一般搭配单行操作符使用（<,>,=,<>,>=,<=）
  列子查询：一般搭配多行操作符使用（in、any/some、all）
4.子查询的执行优先于主查询，主查询的条件用到了主查询结果
*/

#案例1：查询谁的工资比Abel高
#①，查询Abel工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE `last_name`='Abel';

#②，查询比①高的
SELECT * 
FROM employees 
WHERE salary > (
	SELECT salary 
	FROM employees 
	WHERE `last_name` = 'Abel'
);


#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资
#1.查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE `employee_id`=141;

#2.查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE `employee_id`=143;

#3.组合1，2
SELECT `last_name`,`job_id`,`salary`
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE `employee_id`=141
) AND salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE `employee_id`=143
);

#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id,salary
#①,查询公司的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees;

#②.查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);


#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门工资的最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①，查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;

#②，查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#③，在②的基础上筛选
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);


#列子查询（一列多行）

#案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中所有员工的姓名
#①，查询location_id是1400或者1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700);

#②，查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列中的某一个
SELECT last_name 
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);


#案例2：返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号，姓名，job_id以及salary
#①，查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’的工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG';

#②，查询姓名，job_id以及salary <①中的任意一个
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或者
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';


#案例3：返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号，姓名，job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或者
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';



#行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
#方式一：
SELECT * 
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = (
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees
) AND salary = (
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#方式二：行子查询
SELECT * 
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary) = (
	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);



#二、select后面
/*
仅仅支持标量子查询
*/
#案例1：查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`

) 个数
FROM departments d;


#创建工资等级表
CREATE TABLE job_grades
(grade_level VARCHAR(3),
 lowest_sal  INT,
 highest_sal INT);

INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('A', 1000, 2999);

INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('B', 3000, 5999);

INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('C', 6000, 9999);

INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('D', 10000, 14999);

INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('E', 15000, 24999);

INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('F', 25000, 40000);

SELECT * FROM job_grades;


#三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名
*/

#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①，查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#②，连接①的结果集和job_grades表
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal




#四、exists后面（相关子查询）
/*
语法：
	exists(完整的查询语句)
结果：
	1或0
*/

SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees)	#1
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary = 30000)	#0

#案例1；查询有员工的部门名
#exists方式
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT * 
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id
)

#in 的方式
SELECT department_name 
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
)

#案例2：查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
)

#exists方式
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.id=b.boyfriend_id
)