创建一个Dog类
classDog():"""一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"""
_init_、self 一定要有,不可缺少
def_init_(self, name, age):"""初始化属性name 和 age"""
获取存储在形参name中的值并将其存储到变量name中,然后该变量被关联到当前创建的实例
self.name = name
self.age = age
defsit(self):"""模拟小狗被命令时蹲下"""print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting. ")defroll_over(self):"""模拟小狗被命令时打滚"""print(self.name.titile()+" rolled over! ")
9.1.2 根据类创建实例
创建一个Dog类
classDog():"""一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"""
__init__、self 一定要有,不可缺少
def__init__(self, name, age):"""初始化属性name 和 age"""
获取存储在形参name中的值并将其存储到变量name中,然后该变量被关联到当前创建的实例
self.name = name
self.age = age
defsit(self):"""模拟小狗被命令时蹲下"""print(self.name.title()+" is now sitting. ")defroll_over(self):"""模拟小狗被命令时打滚"""print(self.name.title()+" rolled over! ")
创建一个实例
my_dog = Dog('willie','6')
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()
调用类的成员 my_dog.name /my_dog.age
print("My dog's name is "+ my_dog.name.title()+".")print("My dog is "+str(my_dog.age)+" years old .")
"""当传入参数给类中的函数时,不同在__init___增加形参,在函数里给形参即可"""classCar():def__init__(self, make, model, year):"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model= model
self.year = year
defread_odometer(self):"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""print("This car has "+str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")defupdate_odometer(self,mileage):"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值""""""禁止将里程表读数往回调"""if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
my_new_car.read_odometer()
通过方法对属性的值进行递增 自增`
classCar():defincrement_odometer(self, miles)"""将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
self.odometer_reading += miles
my_use_car.update_odometer(23500)23500
my_use_car.update_odometer(100)23600
9.3 继承
9.3.1 子类的方法 init()
classCar():"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""def__init__(self, make, model, year):
self.name = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading =0defget_descriptive_name(self):
long_name =str(self.year)+' '+ self.make+' '+self.model
return long_name
defread_odometer(self):print("This car has "+str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")defupdate_odometer(self, mileage):if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:print("You can't roll back an odometer!")defincrement_odometer(self, miles):
self.odometer_reading += miles
"""继承类"""classElectricCar(Car):"""电动汽车的独特之 处"""def__init__(self, make, model, year):"""初始化父类的属性""""""super()是一个特殊的函数,帮助python将父类和子类关联起来""""""这行代码让python调用ElectricCar的父类的方法
__init__(),让ElectricCar实例包含父类的所有属性"""super().__init__(make, model, year)
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','model s',2016)print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
classCar():--snip--classElectricCar(Car):"""Represent aspects of a car, specific to electric vehicles."""def__init__(self, make, model, year):"""
电动汽车的独特之处
初始化父类的属性,再初始化电动汽车特有属性
"""super().__init__(make, model, year)
self.battery_size =70defdescribe_battery(self):"""打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+" -kWh battery.")
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','model s',2016)print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.describe_battery()
9.3.4 重写父类的方法
"""
对电动汽车调用方法fill_gas_tank(),python 将忽略Car类中的
方法fill_gas_tank(),转而运行在子类定义的fill_gas_tank()代码
"""classElectricCar(Car):--snip--deffill_gas_tank(self):"""电动汽车没有油箱"""print("This car doesn't need a gas tank!")
9.3.5 将实例用作属性
classCar():--snip--classBattery():"""一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试"""def__init__(self, battery_size=70):"""初始化电瓶的属性"""
self.battery_size = battert_size
defdescribe_battery(self):"""打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kWh battery")classElectricCar(Car):"""电动汽车的独特之处"""def__init__(self, make, model, year):"""
初始化父类的属性,再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
"""super().__init__(self, make, model, year)
self.battery = Battery()
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','model s',2016)print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())"""使用ElectricCar类中属性battery,该属性属于Battery类,
在使用Battery类中方法 describe_battery """
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
9.3.6 模拟实物
9.4 导入类
9.4.1 导入单个类
创建car.py 文件,在该文件编写好 Car类
导入进my_car.py中
"""从car.py文件中导入Car类"""from car import Car
"""使用导入的类"""
my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odometer_reading =23
my_new_car.read_odometer()
9.4.2 在一个模块中存储多个类
创建car.py 文件,在该文件编写好 Car 、ElectricCar类
导入进my_car.py中
car.py
classCar():--snip--classElectricCar(Car):--snip--
my_car.py
```python
"""从car.py文件中导入Car、ElectricCar类"""from car import Car, ElectricCar
9.4.4 导入整个模块
import car
"""使用方法与函数导入块一致"""
my_beetle = car.Car('volkswagen','beetle',2016)
9.4.5 导入模块中所有类
form module_name import*
9.4.6 在一个模块中导入另一个模块
electric_car.py
from car import Car
classBattery():--snip--classElectricCar(Car):--snip
car.py
classCar():--snip--
my_cars.py
from car import Car
from electric_car import ElectricCar
my_beetle = Car('volkswagen','beetle',2016)print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())
my_beetle = ElectricCar('tesla','roadster',2016)print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())