Linux系统下Gawk工具的使用方式

Gawk是GNU awk，是awk遵循开源的实现。而gawk是一款功能强大的文本处理工具，这款软件自成体系，实际上就是一个用于处理文本的编程语言工具。

#官方网站关于awk和gawk的文档
https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html

以下均来自CentOS7系统中关于Gawk的解释内容

Usage: gawk [POSIX or GNU style options] -f progfile [--] file ...
Usage: gawk [POSIX or GNU style options] [--] 'program' file ...
POSIX options:          GNU long options: (standard)
        -f progfile             --file=progfile
        -F fs                   --field-separator=fs
        -v var=val              --assign=var=val
Short options:          GNU long options: (extensions)
        -b                      --characters-as-bytes
        -c                      --traditional
        -C                      --copyright
        -d[file]                --dump-variables[=file]
        -e 'program-text'       --source='program-text'
        -E file                 --exec=file
        -g                      --gen-pot
        -h                      --help
        -L [fatal]              --lint[=fatal]
        -n                      --non-decimal-data
        -N                      --use-lc-numeric
        -O                      --optimize
        -p[file]                --profile[=file]
        -P                      --posix
        -r                      --re-interval
        -S                      --sandbox
        -t                      --lint-old
        -V                      --version

To report bugs, see node `Bugs' in `gawk.info', which is
section `Reporting Problems and Bugs' in the printed version.

gawk is a pattern scanning and processing language.
By default it reads standard input and writes standard output.

Examples:
        gawk '{ sum += $1 }; END { print sum }' file
        gawk -F: '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwd

GAWK(1)                                                                      Utility Commands                                                                     GAWK(1)

NAME
       gawk - pattern scanning and processing language

SYNOPSIS
       gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...
       gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...

       pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...
       pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...

       dgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...

DESCRIPTION
       Gawk  is the GNU Project's implementation of the AWK programming language.  It conforms to the definition of the language in the POSIX 1003.1 Standard.  This ver鈥[m
       sion in turn is based on the description in The AWK Programming Language, by Aho, Kernighan, and Weinberger.  Gawk provides the additional features found  in  the
       current version of UNIX awk and a number of GNU-specific extensions.

       The  command  line consists of options to gawk itself, the AWK program text (if not supplied via the -f or --file options), and values to be made available in the
       ARGC and ARGV pre-defined AWK variables.

       Pgawk is the profiling version of gawk.  It is identical in every way to gawk, except that programs run more slowly, and it automatically  produces  an  execution
       profile in the file awkprof.out when done.  See the --profile option, below.

       Dgawk  is  an awk debugger. Instead of running the program directly, it loads the AWK source code and then prompts for debugging commands.  Unlike gawk and pgawk,
       dgawk only processes AWK program source provided with the -f option.  The debugger is documented in GAWK: Effective AWK Programming.

OPTION FORMAT
       Gawk options may be either traditional POSIX-style one letter options, or GNU-style long options.  POSIX options start with a single “-”, while long options start
       with “--”.  Long options are provided for both GNU-specific features and for POSIX-mandated features.

       Gawk- specific options are typically used in long-option form.  Arguments to long options are either joined with the option by an = sign, with no intervening spa‐
       ces, or they may be provided in the next command line argument.  Long options may be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation remains unique.

       Additionally, each long option has a corresponding short option, so that the option's functionality may be used from within #!  executable scripts.

OPTIONS
       Gawk accepts the following options.  Standard options are listed first, followed by options for gawk extensions, listed alphabetically by short option.

       -f program-file
       --file program-file
              Read the AWK program source from the file program-file, instead of from the first command line argument.  Multiple -f (or --file) options may be used.

       -F fs
       --field-separator fs
              Use fs for the input field separator (the value of the FS predefined variable).

       -v var=val
       --assign var=val
              Assign the value val to the variable var, before execution of the program begins.  Such variable values are available to the BEGIN block of an AWK program.

       -b
       --characters-as-bytes
              Treat all input data as single-byte characters. In other words, don't pay any attention to the locale information when attempting  to  process  strings  as
              multibyte characters.  The --posix option overrides this one.

       -c
       --traditional
              Run  in  compatibility  mode.   In  compatibility  mode, gawk behaves identically to UNIX awk; none of the GNU-specific extensions are recognized.  See GNU
              EXTENSIONS, below, for more information.

       -C
       --copyright
              Print the short version of the GNU copyright information message on the standard output and exit successfully.

       -d[file]
       --dump-variables[=file]
              Print a sorted list of global variables, their types and final values to file.  If no file is provided, gawk uses a file named awkvars.out in  the  current
              directory.
              Having  a  list  of all the global variables is a good way to look for typographical errors in your programs.  You would also use this option if you have a
              large program with a lot of functions, and you want to be sure that your functions don't inadvertently use global variables that you  meant  to  be  local.
              (This is a particularly easy mistake to make with simple variable names like i, j, and so on.)

       -e program-text
       --source program-text
              Use program-text as AWK program source code.  This option allows the easy intermixing of library functions (used via the -f and --file options) with source
              code entered on the command line.  It is intended primarily for medium to large AWK programs used in shell scripts.

       -E file
       --exec file
              Similar to -f, however, this is option is the last one processed.  This should be used with #!  scripts, particularly for CGI applications, to avoid  pass‐
              ing in options or source code (!) on the command line from a URL.  This option disables command-line variable assignments.

       -g
       --gen-pot
              Scan  and parse the AWK program, and generate a GNU .pot (Portable Object Template) format file on standard output with entries for all localizable strings
              in the program.  The program itself is not executed.  See the GNU gettext distribution for more information on .pot files.

       -h
       --help Print a relatively short summary of the available options on the standard output.  (Per the GNU Coding Standards, these options cause  an  immediate,  suc‐
              cessful exit.)

       -L [value]
       --lint[=value]
              Provide  warnings about constructs that are dubious or non-portable to other AWK implementations.  With an optional argument of fatal, lint warnings become
              fatal errors.  This may be drastic, but its use will certainly encourage the development of cleaner AWK programs.  With an optional  argument  of  invalid,
              only warnings about things that are actually invalid are issued. (This is not fully implemented yet.)

       -n
       --non-decimal-data
              Recognize octal and hexadecimal values in input data.  Use this option with great caution!

       -N
       --use-lc-numeric
              This forces gawk to use the locale's decimal point character when parsing input data.  Although the POSIX standard requires this behavior, and gawk does so
              when --posix is in effect, the default is to follow traditional behavior and use a period as the decimal point, even in locales where the period is not the
              decimal point character.  This option overrides the default behavior, without the full draconian strictness of the --posix option.

       -O
       --optimize
              Enable  optimizations upon the internal representation of the program.  Currently, this includes just simple constant-folding. The gawk maintainer hopes to
              add additional optimizations over time.

       -p[prof_file]
       --profile[=prof_file]
              Send profiling data to prof_file.  The default is awkprof.out.  When run with gawk, the profile is just a “pretty printed” version of  the  program.   When
              run  with  pgawk,  the profile contains execution counts of each statement in the program in the left margin and function call counts for each user-defined
              function.

       -P
       --posix
              This turns on compatibility mode, with the following additional restrictions:

              · \x escape sequences are not recognized.

              · Only space and tab act as field separators when FS is set to a single space, newline does not.

              · You cannot continue lines after ?  and :.

              · The synonym func for the keyword function is not recognized.

              · The operators ** and **= cannot be used in place of ^ and ^=.

       -r
       --re-interval
              Enable the use of interval expressions in regular expression matching (see Regular Expressions, below).  Interval expressions were not traditionally avail‐
              able  in  the AWK language.  The POSIX standard added them, to make awk and egrep consistent with each other.  They are enabled by default, but this option
              remains for use with --traditional.

       -R
       --command file
              Dgawk only.  Read stored debugger commands from file.

       -S
       --sandbox
              Runs gawk in sandbox mode, disabling the system() function, input redirection with getline, output redirection with print and printf, and  loading  dynamic
              extensions.  Command execution (through pipelines) is also disabled.  This effectively blocks a script from accessing local resources (except for the files
              specified on the command line).

       -t
       --lint-old
              Provide warnings about constructs that are not portable to the original version of Unix awk.

       -V
       --version
              Print version information for this particular copy of gawk on the standard output.  This is useful mainly for knowing if the current copy of gawk  on  your
              system  is up to date with respect to whatever the Free Software Foundation is distributing.  This is also useful when reporting bugs.  (Per the GNU Coding
              Standards, these options cause an immediate, successful exit.)

       --     Signal the end of options. This is useful to allow further arguments to the AWK program itself to start with a “-”.  This  provides  consistency  with  the
              argument parsing convention used by most other POSIX programs.

       In  compatibility  mode,  any  other  options  are flagged as invalid, but are otherwise ignored.  In normal operation, as long as program text has been supplied,
       unknown options are passed on to the AWK program in the ARGV array for processing.  This is particularly useful for running AWK programs via the  “#!”  executable
       interpreter mechanism.

AWK PROGRAM EXECUTION
       An AWK program consists of a sequence of pattern-action statements and optional function definitions.

              @include "filename" pattern   { action statements }
              function name(parameter list) { statements }

       Gawk  first reads the program source from the program-file(s) if specified, from arguments to --source, or from the first non-option argument on the command line.
       The -f and --source options may be used multiple times on the command line.  Gawk reads the program text as if all the program-files and command line source texts
       had  been  concatenated  together.  This is useful for building libraries of AWK functions, without having to include them in each new AWK program that uses them.
       It also provides the ability to mix library functions with command line programs.

       In addition, lines beginning with @include may be used to include other source files into your program, making library use even easier.

       The environment variable AWKPATH specifies a search path to use when finding source files named with the -f option.  If this variable does not exist, the  default
       path  is  ".:/usr/local/share/awk".  (The actual directory may vary, depending upon how gawk was built and installed.)  If a file name given to the -f option con‐
       tains a “/” character, no path search is performed.

       Gawk executes AWK programs in the following order.  First, all variable assignments specified via the -v option are performed.  Next, gawk  compiles  the  program
       into  an  internal  form.   Then,  gawk  executes  the  code  in  the  BEGIN block(s) (if any), and then proceeds to read each file named in the ARGV array (up to
       ARGV[ARGC]).  If there are no files named on the command line, gawk reads the standard input.

       If a filename on the command line has the form var=val it is treated as a variable assignment.  The variable var will be assigned the value  val.   (This  happens
       after  any  BEGIN  block(s) have been run.)  Command line variable assignment is most useful for dynamically assigning values to the variables AWK uses to control
       how input is broken into fields and records.  It is also useful for controlling state if multiple passes are needed over a single data file.

       If the value of a particular element of ARGV is empty (""), gawk skips over it.

       For each input file, if a BEGINFILE rule exists, gawk executes the associated code before processing the contents of the file. Similarly, gawk executes  the  code
       associated with ENDFILE after processing the file.

       For  each record in the input, gawk tests to see if it matches any pattern in the AWK program.  For each pattern that the record matches, the associated action is
       executed.  The patterns are tested in the order they occur in the program.

       Finally, after all the input is exhausted, gawk executes the code in the END block(s) (if any).

   Command Line Directories
       According to POSIX, files named on the awk command line must be text files.  The behavior is ``undefined'' if they are not.  Most versions of awk treat  a  direc‐
       tory on the command line as a fatal error.

       Starting  with  version  4.0  of  gawk,  a  directory on the command line produces a warning, but is otherwise skipped.  If either of the --posix or --traditional
       options is given, then gawk reverts to treating directories on the command line as a fatal error.

VARIABLES, RECORDS AND FIELDS
       AWK variables are dynamic; they come into existence when they are first used.  Their values are either floating-point numbers or strings, or both, depending  upon
       how  they  are  used.   AWK also has one dimensional arrays; arrays with multiple dimensions may be simulated.  Several pre-defined variables are set as a program
       runs; these are described as needed and summarized below.

   Records
       Normally, records are separated by newline characters.  You can control how records are separated by assigning values to the built-in variable RS.  If RS  is  any
       single  character, that character separates records.  Otherwise, RS is a regular expression.  Text in the input that matches this regular expression separates the
       record.  However, in compatibility mode, only the first character of its string value is used for separating records.  If RS is  set  to  the  null  string,  then
       records are separated by blank lines.  When RS is set to the null string, the newline character always acts as a field separator, in addition to whatever value FS
       may have.

   Fields
       As each input record is read, gawk splits the record into fields, using the value of the FS variable as the field separator.  If FS is a single character,  fields
       are separated by that character.  If FS is the null string, then each individual character becomes a separate field.  Otherwise, FS is expected to be a full regu‐
       lar expression.  In the special case that FS is a single space, fields are separated by runs of spaces and/or tabs and/or newlines.  (But see  the  section  POSIX
       COMPATIBILITY, below).  NOTE: The value of IGNORECASE (see below) also affects how fields are split