线程同步（安全）

线程同步(synchronized)：（队列+锁）线程安全性；

• 造成损失性能
• 针对方法提出了一套机制（synchronized)关键字，包括两种用法：synchronized方法和synchronized块；//同步方法：public synchronized void method(int args){} ,
• 同步块：synchronized(Obj){}
• • Obj称之为同步监视器，可以是任何对象，但是推荐使用共享资源作为同步监视器；同步方法中无需指定同步监视器，因为同步方法的同步监视器就是this，就是这个对象本身，或者是class;
• • 同步监视器的执行过程：1）第一个线程访问，锁定同步监视器，执行其中代码；2）第二个线程访问，发现同步监视器被锁定，无法访问；3）第一个线程访问完毕，解锁同步监视器；4）第二个线程访问，发现同步监视器没有锁，然后锁定并访问；
• synchronized方法控制对”对象“的访问，每个对象对应一把锁，每个synchronized方法都必须获得调用该方法的对象的锁才能执行，否则线程会阻塞，方法一旦执行，就独占该锁，直到该方法返回才释放锁，后面被阻塞的线程才能获得这个锁，继续执行；//缺陷：若将一个大的方法申明为synchronized将会影响效率

并发：同一个对象被多个线程同时操作；

案例1：买票

package org.example;

public class BuyTicketSyc implements Runnable {
    private int ticketNum = 10;
    boolean flag = true;
    @Override
    public void run() {
        //buy ticket
        while(flag){
            try {
                buy();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

    }
    private synchronized void buy() throws InterruptedException {
        if(ticketNum<=0){
            flag = false;
            return;
        }

        Thread.sleep(100);

        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"买到了第"+ticketNum--+"张票");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BuyTicketSyc buyTicketSyc = new BuyTicketSyc();
        new Thread(buyTicketSyc,"a").start();
        new Thread(buyTicketSyc,"b").start();
        new Thread(buyTicketSyc,"c").start();
    }
}

案例2：取钱

package org.example;

public class DrawMoney {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Account account = new Account(1000, "结婚基金");
        Drawing you = new Drawing(account, 50, "你");
        Drawing gf = new Drawing(account, 100, "gf");
        you.start();
        gf.start();
    }
}

//账户
class Account {
    int money;//余额
    String name;//卡名

    public Account(int money, String name) {
        this.money = money;
        this.name = name;
    }
}

//银行：模拟取款
class Drawing extends Thread {
    Account account;//账户
    int drawingMoney;//取钱
    int nowMoney;//剩下的钱

    public Drawing(Account account, int drawingMoney, String name) {
        super(name);
        this.account = account;
        this.drawingMoney = drawingMoney;

    }
//synchronized默认锁的是this
    @Override//取钱
    public void run() {
        //锁的代码块对象就是变化的量，需要增删改的对象
        synchronized (account){
            if (account.money - drawingMoney < 0)
            {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "钱不够");
                return;
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            account.money -= drawingMoney;
            nowMoney = nowMoney + drawingMoney;
            System.out.println(account.name + "余额为：" + account.money);
            System.out.println(this.getName() + "手里的钱" + nowMoney);
        }
    }
}

案例3：List

package org.example;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class CollectionSyc {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            new Thread(()->{
                synchronized (list){
                    list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
                }
            }).start();
        }
        try {
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println(list.size());
    }
}

死锁：

某一个代码块同时拥有两个以上对象的锁时，就可能发生死锁现象，导致两个线程都停止执行的情形；
死锁产生的四个必要条件：
1）互斥条件：一个资源每次只能被一个进程使用；
2）请求与保持条件：一个进程因请求资源而阻塞时，对已获得的资源保持不放；
3）不剥夺资源：进程已获得的资源，在未使用完之前不能强行剥夺；
4）循环等待条件：若干进程之间形成一种头尾相接的循环等待资源关系；
我们只需要想办法破解其中的任意一个或多个条件就可以避免死锁发生。

package org.example;

import java.util.TreeMap;

public class DeadLock
{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Makeup g1 = new Makeup(0,"女一号");
        Makeup g21 = new Makeup(1,"女N号");
        g1.start();
        g21.start();
    }

}
class Mirror{}
class LipStack{}
class Makeup extends Thread{
    static LipStack lipStack = new LipStack();
    static Mirror mirror = new Mirror();
    int choice;
    String girlName;

    public Makeup(int choice, String girlName) {
        this.choice = choice;
        this.girlName = girlName;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            makeup();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
        if(choice==0){
            synchronized (lipStack){
                System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得口红的锁");
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            }
            synchronized (mirror){
                System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得镜子的锁");
            }
        }
        else{
            synchronized (mirror){
                System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得镜子的锁");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            }
            synchronized (lipStack){
                System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得口红的锁");
            }
        }
    }
}

LOCK锁

java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock提供了显示的加锁和释放锁功能；
synchronized和Lock的对比：

• Lock锁是显示锁（手动开始和关闭锁）synchronized是隐式锁，出了作用域自动释放；
• Lock只有代码块锁，synchronized有代码块锁和方法锁；
• 使用Lock锁，JVM花费较少时间来调度线程，性能较好；

package org.example;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

//多个线程同时操作同一个对象
//问题：多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下，线程不安全，数据紊乱
public class Thread03 implements Runnable {
    private int ticket = 100;
    //定义lock锁
    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    @Override
    public void run() {
        while(true){
            try{
                lock.lock();//加锁
                if(ticket<=0){
                    break;
                }
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(20);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"第"+ticket--+"票");
            }
            finally {
                lock.unlock();//解锁
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread03 thread03 = new Thread03();
        new Thread(thread03,"小明").start();
        new Thread(thread03,"小li").start();
        new Thread(thread03,"小wang").start();
    }
}

线程通信：

生产者消费者模式：
解决方法1：管程法

解决方法2：信号灯法

线程池：

package org.example;

import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;

public class ThreadPool {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
        ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        service.execute(new Thread(myThread,"b"));
        service.execute(new Thread(myThread,"a"));
        service.execute(new Thread(myThread,"c"));
        service.execute(new Thread(myThread,"d"));
        service.shutdown();
    }

}
class  MyThread implements Runnable{
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
    }
}