006 gtsam/examples/elaboratePoint2KalmanFilter.cpp

simple linear Kalman filter on a moving 2D point, but done using factor graphs.This example manually creates all of the needed data structures

一、源程序

#include <gtsam/nonlinear/PriorFactor.h>
#include <gtsam/slam/BetweenFactor.h>
//#include <gtsam/nonlinear/Ordering.h>
#include <gtsam/inference/Symbol.h>
#include <gtsam/linear/GaussianBayesNet.h>
#include <gtsam/linear/GaussianFactorGraph.h>
#include <gtsam/linear/NoiseModel.h>
#include <gtsam/geometry/Point2.h>

using namespace std;
using namespace gtsam;

int main() {

  // [code below basically does SRIF with Cholesky]

  // Create a factor graph to perform the inference
  GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr linearFactorGraph(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Create the desired ordering
  Ordering::shared_ptr ordering(new Ordering);

  // Create a structure to hold the linearization points
  Values linearizationPoints;

  // Ground truth example
  // Start at origin, move to the right (x-axis): 0,0  0,1  0,2
  // Motion model is just moving to the right (x'-x)^2
  // Measurements are GPS like, (x-z)^2, where z is a 2D measurement
  // i.e., we should get 0,0  0,1  0,2 if there is no noise

  // Create new state variable
  Symbol x0('x',0);
  ordering->insert(x0, 0);

  // Initialize state x0 (2D point) at origin by adding a prior factor, i.e., Bayes net P(x0)
  // This is equivalent to x_0 and P_0
  Point2 x_initial(0,0);
  SharedDiagonal P_initial = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.1, 0.1));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor1(x0, x_initial, P_initial);
  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x0, x_initial);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor1.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));


  // Now predict the state at t=1, i.e. argmax_{x1} P(x1) = P(x1|x0) P(x0)
  // In Kalman Filter notation, this is x_{t+1|t} and P_{t+1|t}
  // For the Kalman Filter, this requires a motion model, f(x_{t}) = x_{t+1|t)
  // Assuming the system is linear, this will be of the form f(x_{t}) = F*x_{t} + B*u_{t} + w
  // where F is the state transition model/matrix, B is the control input model,
  // and w is zero-mean, Gaussian white noise with covariance Q
  // Note, in some models, Q is actually derived as G*w*G^T where w models uncertainty of some
  // physical property, such as velocity or acceleration, and G is derived from physics
  //
  // For the purposes of this example, let us assume we are using a constant-position model and
  // the controls are driving the point to the right at 1 m/s. Then, F = [1 0 ; 0 1], B = [1 0 ; 0 1]
  // and u = [1 ; 0]. Let us also assume that the process noise Q = [0.1 0 ; 0 0.1];
  //
  // In the case of factor graphs, the factor related to the motion model would be defined as
  // f2 = (f(x_{t}) - x_{t+1}) * Q^-1 * (f(x_{t}) - x_{t+1})^T
  // Conveniently, there is a factor type, called a BetweenFactor, that can generate this factor
  // given the expected difference, f(x_{t}) - x_{t+1}, and Q.
  // so, difference = x_{t+1} - x_{t} = F*x_{t} + B*u_{t} - I*x_{t}
  //                                  = (F - I)*x_{t} + B*u_{t}
  //                                  = B*u_{t} (for our example)
  Symbol x1('x',1);
  ordering->insert(x1, 1);

  Point2 difference(1,0);
  SharedDiagonal Q = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.1, 0.1));
  BetweenFactor<Point2> factor2(x0, x1, difference, Q);
  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x1, x_initial);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor2.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // We have now made the small factor graph f1-(x0)-f2-(x1)
  // where factor f1 is just the prior from time t0, P(x0)
  // and   factor f2 is from the motion model
  // Eliminate this in order x0, x1, to get Bayes net P(x0|x1)P(x1)
  // As this is a filter, all we need is the posterior P(x1), so we just keep the root of the Bayes net
  //
  // Because of the way GTSAM works internally, we have used nonlinear class even though this example
  // system is linear. We first convert the nonlinear factor graph into a linear one, using the specified
  // ordering. Linear factors are simply numbered, and are not accessible via named key like the nonlinear
  // variables. Also, the nonlinear factors are linearized around an initial estimate. For a true linear
  // system, the initial estimate is not important.

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x0,x1) = P(x0|x1)*P(x1) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver0(*linearFactorGraph);
  GaussianBayesNet::shared_ptr linearBayesNet = solver0.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x1,P1 from the Bayes Network
  VectorValues result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x1_predict = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x1).retract(result[ordering->at(x1)]);
  x1_predict.print("X1 Predict");

  // Update the new linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x1, x1_predict);



  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  // Some care must be done here, as the linearization point in future steps will be different
  // than what was used when the factor was created.
  // f = || F*dx1' - (F*x0 - x1) ||^2, originally linearized at x1 = x0
  // After this step, the factor needs to be linearized around x1 = x1_predict
  // This changes the factor to f = || F*dx1'' - b'' ||^2
  //                              = || F*(dx1' - (dx1' - dx1'')) - b'' ||^2
  //                              = || F*dx1' - F*(dx1' - dx1'') - b'' ||^2
  //                              = || F*dx1' - (b'' + F(dx1' - dx1'')) ||^2
  //                              -> b' = b'' + F(dx1' - dx1'')
  //                              -> b'' = b' - F(dx1' - dx1'')
  //                              = || F*dx1'' - (b'  - F(dx1' - dx1'')) ||^2
  //                              = || F*dx1'' - (b'  - F(x_predict - x_inital)) ||^2
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg0 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg0->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg0->nrParents() == 0);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, cg0->R(), cg0->d() - cg0->R()*result[ordering->at(x1)], noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas(cg0->get_sigmas(), true));

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x1, 0);

  // Now, a measurement, z1, has been received, and the Kalman Filter should be "Updated"/"Corrected"
  // This is equivalent to saying P(x1|z1) ~ P(z1|x1)*P(x1) ~ f3(x1)*f4(x1;z1)
  // where f3 is the prior from the previous step, and
  // where f4 is a measurement factor
  //
  // So, now we need to create the measurement factor, f4
  // For the Kalman Filter, this is the measurement function, h(x_{t}) = z_{t}
  // Assuming the system is linear, this will be of the form h(x_{t}) = H*x_{t} + v
  // where H is the observation model/matrix, and v is zero-mean, Gaussian white noise with covariance R
  //
  // For the purposes of this example, let us assume we have something like a GPS that returns
  // the current position of the robot. For this simple example, we can use a PriorFactor to model the
  // observation as it depends on only a single state variable, x1. To model real sensor observations
  // generally requires the creation of a new factor type. For example, factors for range sensors, bearing
  // sensors, and camera projections have already been added to GTSAM.
  //
  // In the case of factor graphs, the factor related to the measurements would be defined as
  // f4 = (h(x_{t}) - z_{t}) * R^-1 * (h(x_{t}) - z_{t})^T
  //    = (x_{t} - z_{t}) * R^-1 * (x_{t} - z_{t})^T
  // This can be modeled using the PriorFactor, where the mean is z_{t} and the covariance is R.
  Point2 z1(1.0, 0.0);
  SharedDiagonal R1 = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.25, 0.25));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor4(x1, z1, R1);
  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor4.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // We have now made the small factor graph f3-(x1)-f4
  // where factor f3 is the prior from previous time ( P(x1) )
  // and   factor f4 is from the measurement, z1 ( P(x1|z1) )
  // Eliminate this in order x1, to get Bayes net P(x1)
  // As this is a filter, all we need is the posterior P(x1), so we just keep the root of the Bayes net
  // We solve as before...

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x0,x1) = P(x0|x1)*P(x1) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver1(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver1.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x1 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x1_update = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x1).retract(result[ordering->at(x1)]);
  x1_update.print("X1 Update");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x1, x1_update);






  // Wash, rinse, repeat for another time step
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  // The linearization point of this prior must be moved to the new estimate of x, and the key/index needs to be reset to 0,
  // the first key in the next iteration
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg1 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg1->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg1->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior1 = JacobianFactor(*cg1);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior1.getA(tmpPrior1.begin()), tmpPrior1.getb() - tmpPrior1.getA(tmpPrior1.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x1)], tmpPrior1.get_model());

  // Create a key for the new state
  Symbol x2('x',2);

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x1, 0);
  ordering->insert(x2, 1);

  // Create a nonlinear factor describing the motion model
  difference = Point2(1,0);
  Q = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) <, 0.1, 0.1));
  BetweenFactor<Point2> factor6(x1, x2, difference, Q);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x2, x1_update);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor6.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x1,x2) = P(x1|x2)*P(x2) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver2(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver2.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x2 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x2_predict = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x2).retract(result[ordering->at(x2)]);
  x2_predict.print("X2 Predict");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x2, x2_predict);



  // Now add the next measurement
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg2 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg2->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg2->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior2 = JacobianFactor(*cg2);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior2.getA(tmpPrior2.begin()), tmpPrior2.getb() - tmpPrior2.getA(tmpPrior2.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x2)], tmpPrior2.get_model());

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x2, 0);

  // And update using z2 ...
  Point2 z2(2.0, 0.0);
  SharedDiagonal R2 = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.25, 0.25));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor8(x2, z2, R2);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor8.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // We have now made the small factor graph f7-(x2)-f8
  // where factor f7 is the prior from previous time ( P(x2) )
  // and   factor f8 is from the measurement, z2 ( P(x2|z2) )
  // Eliminate this in order x2, to get Bayes net P(x2)
  // As this is a filter, all we need is the posterior P(x2), so we just keep the root of the Bayes net
  // We solve as before...

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x0,x1) = P(x0|x1)*P(x1) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver3(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver3.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x2 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x2_update = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x2).retract(result[ordering->at(x2)]);
  x2_update.print("X2 Update");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x2, x2_update);






  // Wash, rinse, repeat for a third time step
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg3 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg3->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg3->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior3 = JacobianFactor(*cg3);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior3.getA(tmpPrior3.begin()), tmpPrior3.getb() - tmpPrior3.getA(tmpPrior3.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x2)], tmpPrior3.get_model());

  // Create a key for the new state
  Symbol x3('x',3);

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x2, 0);
  ordering->insert(x3, 1);

  // Create a nonlinear factor describing the motion model
  difference = Point2(1,0);
  Q = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.1, 0.1));
  BetweenFactor<Point2> factor10(x2, x3, difference, Q);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x3, x2_update);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor10.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x1,x2) = P(x1|x2)*P(x2) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver4(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver4.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x3 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x3_predict = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x3).retract(result[ordering->at(x3)]);
  x3_predict.print("X3 Predict");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x3, x3_predict);



  // Now add the next measurement
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg4 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg4->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg4->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior4 = JacobianFactor(*cg4);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior4.getA(tmpPrior4.begin()), tmpPrior4.getb() - tmpPrior4.getA(tmpPrior4.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x3)], tmpPrior4.get_model());

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x3, 0);

  // And update using z3 ...
  Point2 z3(3.0, 0.0);
  SharedDiagonal R3 = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.25, 0.25));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor12(x3, z3, R3);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor12.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // We have now made the small factor graph f11-(x3)-f12
  // where factor f11 is the prior from previous time ( P(x3) )
  // and   factor f12 is from the measurement, z3 ( P(x3|z3) )
  // Eliminate this in order x3, to get Bayes net P(x3)
  // As this is a filter, all we need is the posterior P(x3), so we just keep the root of the Bayes net
  // We solve as before...

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x0,x1) = P(x0|x1)*P(x1) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver5(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver5.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x2 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x3_update = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x3).retract(result[ordering->at(x3)]);
  x3_update.print("X3 Update");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x3, x3_update);



  return 0;
}

二、main函数

利用均方根信息滤波和Cholesky

2.1 创建

  // Create a factor graph to perform the inference
  GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr linearFactorGraph(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Create the desired ordering
  Ordering::shared_ptr ordering(new Ordering);

  // Create a structure to hold the linearization points
  Values linearizationPoints;

factor graph、ordering和Values

2.2 Ground truth examples

  // Ground truth example
  // Start at origin, move to the right (x-axis): 0,0  0,1  0,2
  // Motion model is just moving to the right (x'-x)^2
  // Measurements are GPS like, (x-z)^2, where z is a 2D measurement
  // i.e., we should get 0,0  0,1  0,2 if there is no noise

2.3 创建变量

  // Create new state variable
  Symbol x0('x',0);
  ordering->insert(x0, 0);

  // Initialize state x0 (2D point) at origin by adding a prior factor, i.e., Bayes net P(x0)
  // This is equivalent to x_0 and P_0
  Point2 x_initial(0,0);
  SharedDiagonal P_initial = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.1, 0.1));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor1(x0, x_initial, P_initial);
  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x0, x_initial);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor1.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

初始化Key和ordering,对因子进行线性化

2.4 预测

预测
$\underset{x_1}{\mathrm{argmax}}P(x_1)=P(x_1|x_0)P(x_0)$
在卡尔曼滤波中表示为$x_{t+1|t}and{P}_{t+1|t}$
motion model：$f(x_t)=x_{t+1|t}$
线性化：
$f(x_t)=F\ast x_t+B\ast u_t+w$
$F$->transition model/matrix
$B$->control input model
$w$ ->zero-mean, Gaussian white noise with covariance $Q$
某些时候$Q=G\ast w\ast G^T$
在factor graph中factor related to the motion model ->defined as
$f2=(f(x_t)-x_{t+1})\ast Q^{-1}\ast (f(x_t)-x_{t+1}{)}^T$
BetweenFactor可以生成该因子

given the expected difference, $f(x_t)-x_{t+1}$, and $Q$.
所以
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}difference& =x_{t+1}-x_t\\ & =F\ast x_t+B\ast u_t-I\ast x_t\\ & =(F-I)\ast x_t+B\ast u_t\\ & =B\ast u_t\end{array}\end{array}$$

定义x1和BetweenFactor

  Symbol x1('x',1);
  ordering->insert(x1, 1);

  Point2 difference(1,0);
  SharedDiagonal Q = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.1, 0.1));
  BetweenFactor<Point2> factor2(x0, x1, difference, Q);
  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x1, x_initial);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor2.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

至此构建了小型因子图f1-(x0)-f2-(x1)
// where factor f1 is just the prior from time t0, P(x0)
// and factor f2 is from the motion model
消元得到贝叶斯网络$P(x_0|x_1)P(x_1)$

然后求解linear factor graph，将其转化为a linear Bayes Network
$P(x_0,x_1)=P(x_0|x_1)\ast P(x_1)$

from Bayes Network获取估计值
进行线性化点的更新

  GaussianSequentialSolver solver0(*linearFactorGraph);
  GaussianBayesNet::shared_ptr linearBayesNet = solver0.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x1,P1 from the Bayes Network
  VectorValues result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x1_predict = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x1).retract(result[ordering->at(x1)]);
  x1_predict.print("X1 Predict");

  // Update the new linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x1, x1_predict);

2.5 重新建立，从之前获取先验

  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

将根条件$P(x_1)$转化为下一步的先验
必须注意线性化点的不同(未来线性化点和创建因子时使用的线性化点不同)
$f=||F\ast d{x}_1^{\prime }-(F\ast x_0-x_1)|{|}^2$起初的线性化点$x_1=x_0$
在这一步后，线性化点更改为$x_1=x_{1\_predict}$
This changes the factor to f

$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}f& =||F\ast d{x}_1^{\prime \prime }-b^{\prime \prime }|{|}^2\\ & =||F\ast (d{x}_1^{\prime }-(d{x}_1^{\prime }-d{x}_1^{\prime \prime }))-b^{\prime \prime }|{|}^2\\ & =||F\ast d{x}_1^{\prime }-F\ast (d{x}_1^{\prime }-d{x}_1^{\prime \prime })-b^{\prime \prime }|{|}^2\\ & =||F\ast d{x}_1^{\prime }-(b^{\prime \prime }+F(d{x}_1^{\prime }-d{x}_1^{\prime \prime }))|{|}^2\\ & ->b^{\prime }=b^{\prime \prime }+F(d{x}_1^{\prime }-d{x}_1^{\prime \prime })\\ & ->b^{\prime \prime }=b^{\prime }-F(d{x}_1^{\prime }-d{x}_1^{\prime \prime })\\ & =||F\ast d{x}_1^{\prime \prime }-(b^{\prime }-F(d{x}_1^{\prime }-d{x}_1^{\prime \prime }))|{|}^2\\ & =||F\ast d{x}_1^{\prime \prime }-(b^{\prime }-F(x_{predict}-x_{inital}))|{|}^2\end{array}\end{array}$$

  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg0 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg0->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg0->nrParents() == 0);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, cg0->R(), cg0->d() - cg0->R()*result[ordering->at(x1)], noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas(cg0->get_sigmas(), true));

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x1, 0);

2.6 更新(校正)

观测到达后
$P(x_1|z_1)\sim P(z_1|x_1)\ast P(x_1)f_3(x_1)\ast f_4(x_1;z_1)$
$f_3$ is the prior from the previous step
$f_4$ is a measurement factor

2.6.1 创建$f_4$

测量方程：$h(x_t)=z_t$
假设系统是线性的：$h(x_t)=H\ast x_t+v$
$H$->观测模型
$v$->0 mean with Gaussian white noise with covariance $R$
假设类似于GPS类型的观测
在这种factor graph情形下measurements would be defined as
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}{f}_4& =(h(x_t)-z_t)\ast R^{-1}\ast (h(x_t)-z_t{)}^T\\ & =(x_t-z_t)\ast R^{-1}\ast (x_t-z_t{)}^T\end{array}\end{array}$$
可以使用PriorFactor
均值是$z_t$，协方差是$R$

  Point2 z1(1.0, 0.0);
  SharedDiagonal R1 = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.25, 0.25));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor4(x1, z1, R1);
  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor4.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

now made the small factor graph f3-(x1)-f4
factor $f_3$ is the prior from previous time( $P(x_1)$ )
factor $f_4$ is from the measurement, $z_1$ ( $P(x_1|z_1)$ )
Eliminate this in order $x_1$, to get Bayes net $P(x_1)$
posterior $P(x_1)$
Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network
$P(x_0,x_1)=P(x_0|x_1)\ast P(x_1)$

  GaussianSequentialSolver solver1(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver1.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x1 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x1_update = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x1).retract(result[ordering->at(x1)]);
  x1_update.print("X1 Update");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x1, x1_update);

2.7 重复过程

  // Wash, rinse, repeat for another time step
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  // The linearization point of this prior must be moved to the new estimate of x, and the key/index needs to be reset to 0,
  // the first key in the next iteration
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg1 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg1->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg1->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior1 = JacobianFactor(*cg1);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior1.getA(tmpPrior1.begin()), tmpPrior1.getb() - tmpPrior1.getA(tmpPrior1.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x1)], tmpPrior1.get_model());

  // Create a key for the new state
  Symbol x2('x',2);

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x1, 0);
  ordering->insert(x2, 1);

  // Create a nonlinear factor describing the motion model
  difference = Point2(1,0);
  Q = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) <, 0.1, 0.1));
  BetweenFactor<Point2> factor6(x1, x2, difference, Q);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x2, x1_update);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor6.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x1,x2) = P(x1|x2)*P(x2) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver2(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver2.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x2 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x2_predict = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x2).retract(result[ordering->at(x2)]);
  x2_predict.print("X2 Predict");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x2, x2_predict);



  // Now add the next measurement
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg2 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg2->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg2->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior2 = JacobianFactor(*cg2);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior2.getA(tmpPrior2.begin()), tmpPrior2.getb() - tmpPrior2.getA(tmpPrior2.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x2)], tmpPrior2.get_model());

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x2, 0);

  // And update using z2 ...
  Point2 z2(2.0, 0.0);
  SharedDiagonal R2 = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.25, 0.25));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor8(x2, z2, R2);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor8.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // We have now made the small factor graph f7-(x2)-f8
  // where factor f7 is the prior from previous time ( P(x2) )
  // and   factor f8 is from the measurement, z2 ( P(x2|z2) )
  // Eliminate this in order x2, to get Bayes net P(x2)
  // As this is a filter, all we need is the posterior P(x2), so we just keep the root of the Bayes net
  // We solve as before...

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x0,x1) = P(x0|x1)*P(x1) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver3(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver3.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x2 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x2_update = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x2).retract(result[ordering->at(x2)]);
  x2_update.print("X2 Update");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x2, x2_update);






  // Wash, rinse, repeat for a third time step
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg3 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg3->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg3->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior3 = JacobianFactor(*cg3);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior3.getA(tmpPrior3.begin()), tmpPrior3.getb() - tmpPrior3.getA(tmpPrior3.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x2)], tmpPrior3.get_model());

  // Create a key for the new state
  Symbol x3('x',3);

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x2, 0);
  ordering->insert(x3, 1);

  // Create a nonlinear factor describing the motion model
  difference = Point2(1,0);
  Q = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.1, 0.1));
  BetweenFactor<Point2> factor10(x2, x3, difference, Q);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearizationPoints.insert(x3, x2_update);
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor10.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x1,x2) = P(x1|x2)*P(x2) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver4(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver4.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x3 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x3_predict = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x3).retract(result[ordering->at(x3)]);
  x3_predict.print("X3 Predict");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x3, x3_predict);



  // Now add the next measurement
  // Create a new, empty graph and add the prior from the previous step
  linearFactorGraph = GaussianFactorGraph::shared_ptr(new GaussianFactorGraph);

  // Convert the root conditional, P(x1) in this case, into a Prior for the next step
  const GaussianConditional::shared_ptr& cg4 = linearBayesNet->back();
  assert(cg4->nrFrontals() == 1);
  assert(cg4->nrParents() == 0);
  JacobianFactor tmpPrior4 = JacobianFactor(*cg4);
  linearFactorGraph->add(0, tmpPrior4.getA(tmpPrior4.begin()), tmpPrior4.getb() - tmpPrior4.getA(tmpPrior4.begin()) * result[ordering->at(x3)], tmpPrior4.get_model());

  // Create the desired ordering
  ordering = Ordering::shared_ptr(new Ordering);
  ordering->insert(x3, 0);

  // And update using z3 ...
  Point2 z3(3.0, 0.0);
  SharedDiagonal R3 = noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((Vec(2) << 0.25, 0.25));
  PriorFactor<Point2> factor12(x3, z3, R3);

  // Linearize the factor and add it to the linear factor graph
  linearFactorGraph->push_back(factor12.linearize(linearizationPoints, *ordering));

  // We have now made the small factor graph f11-(x3)-f12
  // where factor f11 is the prior from previous time ( P(x3) )
  // and   factor f12 is from the measurement, z3 ( P(x3|z3) )
  // Eliminate this in order x3, to get Bayes net P(x3)
  // As this is a filter, all we need is the posterior P(x3), so we just keep the root of the Bayes net
  // We solve as before...

  // Solve the linear factor graph, converting it into a linear Bayes Network ( P(x0,x1) = P(x0|x1)*P(x1) )
  GaussianSequentialSolver solver5(*linearFactorGraph);
  linearBayesNet = solver5.eliminate();

  // Extract the current estimate of x2 from the Bayes Network
  result = optimize(*linearBayesNet);
  Point2 x3_update = linearizationPoints.at<Point2>(x3).retract(result[ordering->at(x3)]);
  x3_update.print("X3 Update");

  // Update the linearization point to the new estimate
  linearizationPoints.update(x3, x3_update);