MongoDB:从删库到跑路

MongoDB数据库

基本语法

1. 创建和查询数据库

use DATABASE_name：使用数据库(如果该数据库不存在，则创建新的数据库)

// 例子
> use test
switched to test

(如果没有写入数据，该数据库不算真正意义上的创建）

// 查看当前数据库位置
>db
test

2. 查看数据库

> show dbs
admin   0.000GB
config  0.000GB
local   0.000GB
test1   0.000GB

 //查看当前数据库的所有集合
> show tables

3. 插入数据

// db.DATABASE_name.insert(JSON_DATA)
> db.test.insert({"name":"xiaoming", "age":20})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

4. 删除数据库

// db.dropDatabase() 删除当前数据库
> db.dropDatabase()
{ "dropped" : "test", "ok" : 1 }

5. 删除集合(collection)

// 先创建一个名为test_collection的集合
// db.createCollection("COLLECTION_NAME")

> db.createCollection("test2_collection")
{ "ok" : 1 }

// 删除集合
// db.COLLECTION_NAME.drop()
> db.test2_collection.drop()
true

6. 创建集合

db.createCollection(name,* options)

• name：集合名称
• option：可选参数

字段	类型	描述
capped	布尔	（可选）如果为 true，则创建固定集合。固定集合是指有着固定大小的集合，当达到最大值时，它会自动覆盖最早的文档。 当该值为 true 时，必须指定 size 参数。
autoIndexId	布尔	（可选）如为 true，自动在 _id 字段创建索引。默认为 false。
size	数值	（可选）为固定集合指定一个最大值，以千字节计（KB）。 如果 capped 为 true，也需要指定该字段。
max	数值	（可选）指定固定集合中包含文档的最大数量。

插入文档时， MongoDB会首先检查固定集合的size字段，再检查max字段

// 创建名为test_collection的集合
> db.createCollection("test_collection")
{ "ok" : 1 }

// 创建固定集合 mycol，整个集合空间大小 6142800 KB, 文档最大个数为 10000 个。
> > db.createCollection("mycol", { capped : true, autoIndexId : true, size : 
   6142800, max : 10000 } )
{ "ok" : 1 }

通过插入文档，直接创建集合

> db.test2_collection.insert({name:"小明", age:20})})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> show tables
mycol
test2_collection
test_collection

7. 插入文档

基本语法：db.COLLECTION_NAME.insert(document)

示例：

db.test_collection.insert({
	name:"xiaoming",
	age:20,
	friends:["lihua", "xiaohong"]
})

// ----------------------------------------
// 插入多条文档，用数组的形式插入，文档与文档间用逗号隔开
> db.test_collection.insert([{
... name:"xiaoming",
... age:20,
... friends:["lihua", "xiaohong"]
... }, {
... name: "xiaoliu",
... age:20,
... birthday:"2019-2-02"
... }])
BulkWriteResult({
        "writeErrors" : [ ],
        "writeConcernErrors" : [ ],
        "nInserted" : 2,
        "nUpserted" : 0,
        "nMatched" : 0,
        "nModified" : 0,
        "nRemoved" : 0,
        "upserted" : [ ]
})

// ---------------------------------------
// 查看集合中的文档
// db.COLLECTION_NAME.find()
>db.test_collection.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }

在插入文档时，如果不指定_id参数，MongoDB会自动为文档分配一个唯一的objectId

保存：如果文档的_id已经存在则修改，不存在则添加
db.COLLECTION_NAME.save(document)

// 例如：
> db.test_collection.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c872aefd17d6837ba4f9"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fa"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fb"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 10010, "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84ce87aefd17d6837ba4fc"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }

// ----------------
// 程序会报错，因为_id:10010的文档已经存在，无法插入
> db.test_collection.insert({_id:10010,"name":"小明", "age":22 })
WriteResult({
        "nInserted" : 0,
        "writeError" : {
                "code" : 11000,
                "errmsg" : "E11000 duplicate key error collection: test.test_collection index: _id_ dup key: { _id: 10010.0 }"
        }
})

// ---------------------
// 因为_id：10010已经存在，所以会显示nModified
> db.test_collection.save({_id:10010,"name":"小明", "age":22 })))
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

// ------------------------
// 如果_id不存在则显示nUpserted
> db.test_collection.save({_id:100101,"name":"小明", "age":22 })
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 0, "nUpserted" : 1, "nModified" : 0, "_id" : 100101 })

8.更新

基本语法

db.COLLECTION_NAME.update(<query>, <update>*, {multi: true\false}

• query：查询条件
• update：更新操作符
• mulit：可选参数，默认为false(只更新一条)。true则更新多条。

> db.test_collection.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c872aefd17d6837ba4f9"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fa"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fb"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 10010, "name" : "小明", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84ce87aefd17d6837ba4fc"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 100101, "name" : "小明", "age" : 22 }


> db.test_collection.update({"name":"xiaoming"}, {"name":"小明"})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

// 注意update({"name":"xiaoming"}, {"name":"小明"}) 会把整个文档***重写**


> db.test_collection.find()                                    })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "小明" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c872aefd17d6837ba4f9"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fa"), "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fb"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 10010, "name" : "小明", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84ce87aefd17d6837ba4fc"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 100101, "name" : "小明", "age" : 22 }
>

// 如果只想更新文档中的某一字段，而不是重写文档要用{$set:{}}
> db.test_collection.update({"name":"xiaoming"}, {$set:{"name":"小明"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.test_collection.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "小明" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c872aefd17d6837ba4f9"), "name" : "小明", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
...

> db.test_collection.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "小明" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c872aefd17d6837ba4f9"), "name" : "小明", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fa"), "name" : "小明", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fb"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 10010, "name" : "小明", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84ce87aefd17d6837ba4fc"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 100101, "name" : "小明", "age" : 22 }

> db.test_collection.update({"name":"小明"}, {$set:{"name":"小红"}}, {"multi":true})))))
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 5, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 5 })

> db.test_collection.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c7fdaefd17d6837ba4f8"), "name" : "小红" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c872aefd17d6837ba4f9"), "name" : "小红", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fa"), "name" : "小红", "age" : 20, "friends" : [ "lihua", "xiaohong" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84c9b6aefd17d6837ba4fb"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 10010, "name" : "小红", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d84ce87aefd17d6837ba4fc"), "name" : "xiaoliu", "age" : 20, "birthday" : "2019-2-02" }
{ "_id" : 100101, "name" : "小红", "age" : 22 }
>

9.删除

db.remove(<query>, {justOne: true\false})

• query：删除字段所满足的条件
• justOne：只删除一条，默认false(默认删除多条)

> db.test_collection.remove({"name":"小红"},{"justOne":true})
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })
> db.test_collection.remove({"name":"小红"})               })
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 3 })
>

高级查询

1. find()
   db.COLLECTION_NAME.find(*<query>)

• query：加入查询条件（不写则查询全部）

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }


> db.stu.find({age:20})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
>

2. findOne() 查询一条数据

1.比较运算符

• 等于：默认是等于判断，没有运算符
• 小于：$lt (less than)
• 小于等于： $lte (less than equal)
• 大于：$gt (greater than)
• 大于等于：$gte (greater than equal)
• 不等于： $ne (not equal)

基本用法：db.COLLECTION_NAME.find( {"field":{$lt:xx} })

> db.stu.find({age:{$gte:20}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
>

2.范围运算符

• $in
• KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …nd( {"field": {in:[xx, xxx, xxx]} } )`

> db.stu.find({age:{$in:[18, 20]}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
>

3.and or

• and：逗号隔开即为and

> db.stu.find({age:{$gt:20}, hometown:"大理"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
>

• or：{$or: [] }

> db.stu.find({$or: [{age:18}, {hometown:"大理"}]   })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
>

4.正则表达式

> db.stu.find({hometown:/^大/})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
>

5.limit 和 skip

• limit() ： 限制多个条文档
• skip() ： 跳过多少信息

> db.stu.find().limit(2)
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
> db.stu.find().skip(2)
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
>

• limit().skip() 配合使用， 可以实现换页
  db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limt().skip()
db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().skip().limt() 效率会更高

> db.stu.find().limit(2).skip(2)
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
> db.stu.find().skip(2).limit(2)
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
>

6.自定义查询

$where

> db.stu.find({$where: function() {return this.age>20}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
>

7.投影：选择返回结果的字段

基本语法：db.COLLECTION_NAME.find({}, {字段A：1}) 只显示字段A (_id默认为1，可以设为0)

> db.stu.find({age:{$gte:20}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }

> db.stu.find({age:{$gte:20}}, {name:1})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公" }

> db.stu.find({age:{$gte:20}}, {name:1, _id:0})
{ "name" : "小明" }
{ "name" : "黄药师" }
{ "name" : "段王爷" }
{ "name" : "洪七公" }

8.排序sort()

基本语法：db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().sort( {<query>} )
升序为1，降序为 -1

// 根据年龄从高到底排序
> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
> db.stu.find().sort({age:1})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
>

9.统计个数count()

基本语法：db.COLLECTION_NAME.find(<query>).count(),
db.COLLECTION_NAME.count(<query>)

> db.stu.count()
7
> db.stu.count({age:{$gte:20}})
4
> db.stu.find({age:{$gte:20}}).count()
4

10.去重distinct()

基本语法：db.COLLECTION_NAME.distinct("field", *<query>)

> db.stu.distinct("hometown" )
[ "蒙古", "桃花岛", "大理", "华山" ]

> db.stu.distinct("hometown",{age:{$gte:30}} )
[ "桃花岛", "大理", "华山" ]

聚合（aggregate）

1.什么是聚合？

聚合(aggregate)是基于数据处理的聚合管道，每个文档通过一个由多个阶段(stage)组成的管道，可以对每个阶段的管道进行分组、过滤等功能，然后经过一系列的处理，输出相应的结果。（简单来说就是把前一次的结果返回个下一个管道。）

基本语法：db.COLLOCTION_NAME.aggregate([ {pipe1:{expression}, pipe2:{express} } ])

2.常用表达式

处理输⼊⽂档并输出
语法：表达式:’$列名’
常⽤表达式:
$sum： 计算总和， $sum:1 表示以⼀倍计数
$avg： 计算平均值
$min： 获取最⼩值
$max： 获取最⼤值
$push： 在结果⽂档中插⼊值到⼀个数组中
$first： 根据资源⽂档的排序获取第⼀个⽂档数据
$last： 根据资源⽂档的排序获取最后⼀个⽂档数据

3.常用的管道命令

在mongodb中，⽂档处理完毕后， 通过管道进⾏下⼀次处理
常用管道如下：
$group： 将集合中的⽂档分组， 可⽤于统计结果
$match： 过滤数据， 只输出符合条件的⽂档
$project： 修改输⼊⽂档的结构， 如重命名、 增加、 删除字段、 创建计算结果
$sort： 将输⼊⽂档排序后输出
$limit： 限制聚合管道返回的⽂档数
$skip： 跳过指定数量的⽂档， 并返回余下的⽂档
$unwind： 将数组类型的字段进⾏拆分

示例：(stu.table)

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
>

• $group:{_id:"$xx"， key:"$xxx"}：分组
  _id：表示进行分组的依据，必须传入
  key：表示输出时的键

注意：

• $group:{key1:value, key2:value2}:里面有几个键，输出结果就有几个键
• 分组依据是_id 的 value
• 取不同字段的值需要用$进行取值。如：{_id:"$xxx"}

示例1：

//对性别进行分组 
> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender"}  //对性别进行分组 
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : true }
{ "_id" : false }

// 对性别进行分组，并统计人数
> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}}  // $sum:1表示以1为倍数，对其进行统计
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : false, "count" : 2 }
{ "_id" : true, "count" : 5 }


// 对性别进行分组，并统计人数，同时统计平均年龄
> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}, mean_age:{$avg:"$age"}}
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : true, "count" : 5, "mean_age" : 28.6 }
{ "_id" : false, "count" : 2, "mean_age" : 18 }
>

示例2：

// 按照hometo> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$hometown", mean_age:{$avg:"$age"}, count:{$sum:1}}
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : "蒙古", "mean_age" : 19, "count" : 2 }
{ "_id" : "桃花岛", "mean_age" : 26.5, "count" : 2 }
{ "_id" : "大理", "mean_age" : 24, "count" : 2 }
{ "_id" : "华山", "mean_age" : 40, "count" : 1 }
>wn进行分组，获取不同组的平均年龄

示例3：（group by null:即把所有的文本分为一组）

// group by null
// 求学生总人数，平均年龄

> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:null, count:{$sum:1}, mean_age:{$avg:"$age"}}
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : null, "count" : 7, "mean_age" : 25.571428571428573 }
>

• $project : { key1 : ”$xxx“, key2 : 1 }：修改输入输出文档的结果，如重命名，增加，删除字段，创建计算结果
  key1：新命名一个key
  "$xxx"：获取上一个管道xxx的value
  key2：1：显示key2:value (相当于key2:"$key2")

注意：

• 上一管道有的key，在project里面没有写入，则不显示

示例1：

> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}, mean_age:{$avg:"$age"}}
...     },  // 管道之间用逗号隔开
...     {
...         $project:{gender:"$_id", count:"$count", mean_age:"$mean_age"}  //”$_id“ 获取上一个管道_id的值
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : true, "gender" : true, "count" : 5, "mean_age" : 28.6 }
{ "_id" : false, "gender" : false, "count" : 2, "mean_age" : 18 }
>

示例2：

> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}, mean_age:{$avg:"$age"}}
...     },
...     {
...         $project:{_id:0, gender:"$_id", count:1}
...     }
... )
{ "count" : 5, "gender" : true }
{ "count" : 2, "gender" : false }
>

• $match:{}：用于过滤数据，输出符合条件的文档、
  示例1：

// 选择年龄大于18的学生，并统计男性和女性的人数
> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $match:> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $match:{age:{$gt:18}}
...     },
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}}
...     },
...     {
...         $project:{_id:0, gender:"$_id", count:1}
...     }
... )
{ "count" : 4, "gender" : true }
{ "count" : 1, "gender" : false }
>

示例2：

// 选择(年龄大于18或者来自桃花岛)的学生，并统计男性和女性的人数
> db.stu.aggregate(
... > db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $match:{ $or:[ {age:{$gt:18}}, {hometown:"桃花岛"} ]  }
...     },
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}}
...     },
...     {
...         $project:{_id:0, gender:"$_id", count:1}
...     }
... )
{ "count" : 4, "gender" : true }
{ "count" : 2, "gender" : false }
>

示例：

{ "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "a" }  
{  "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "b" }  
{  "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "a" }  
{  "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "c" }  
{  "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "da" }  
{  "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "fa" } 
{  "country" : "usa", "province" : "la", "userid" : "jack" } 
需求：统计出每个country/province下的userid的数量（同一个userid只统计一次）

第一步：去重

> db.demo.aggregate(
...     {
			// _id的value要传入一个字典，这样才能把所有的信息的显示处理
...         $group:{_id:{country:"$country", province:"$province", userid:"$userid"}}
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : { "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "da" } }
{ "_id" : { "country" : "usa", "province" : "la", "userid" : "jack" } }
{ "_id" : { "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "ab" } }
{ "_id" : { "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "fa" } }
{ "_id" : { "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "a" } }
{ "_id" : { "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "c" } }
{ "_id" : { "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "b" } }

第二步：再分组

> db.demo.aggregate(     {         $group:{_id:{country:"$country", province:"$province", userid:"$userid"}}     },     {         $group:{_id:{country:"$_id.country", province:"$_id.province"}, count:{$sum:1}}     },     {         $project:{_id:0, country:"$_id.country", province:"$_id.province", count:1}     } )
{ "count" : 2, "country" : "china", "province" : "bj" }
{ "count" : 1, "country" : "usa", "province" : "la" }
{ "count" : 4, "country" : "china", "province" : "sh" }
>

• $sort:{}：排序
  示例：

// 查询男生、女生人数，被按人数降序
> db.stu.aggregate(
...     {
...         $group:{_id:"$gender", count:{$sum:1}}
...     },
...     {
...         $sort:{count:-1}
...     }
... )
{ "_id" : true, "count" : 5 }
{ "_id" : false, "count" : 3 }

• $limit:{}：限制
• $skip:{}：跳过
  示例：

> db.stu.aggregate({$limit:2})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856a6eaefd17d6837ba4fd"), "name" : "小明", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 20, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ab1aefd17d6837ba4fe"), "name" : "黄蓉", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }

> db.stu.aggregate({$skip:2})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856aebaefd17d6837ba501"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 18, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856afaaefd17d6837ba502"), "name" : "段王爷", "hometown" : "大理", "age" : 30, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856b08aefd17d6837ba503"), "name" : "洪七公", "hometown" : "华山", "age" : 40, "gender" : true }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d85bc7db6f03421ea742757"), "name" : "小红", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 25, "gender" : false }


> db.stu.aggregate({$skip:2}, {$limit:2})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856ac9aefd17d6837ba4ff"), "name" : "华筝", "hometown" : "蒙古", "age" : 18, "gender" : false }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d856addaefd17d6837ba500"), "name" : "黄药师", "hometown" : "桃花岛", "age" : 35, "gender" : true }
>
> db.stu.aggregate({$group:{_id:"$hometown", count:{$sum:1}}}, {$limit:2})
{ "_id" : "桃花岛", "count" : 3 }
{ "_id" : "大理", "count" : 2 }

• $unwind:{}：根据某一数组类型字段拆分成多条，每条包含数组中的一个值
  示例1：

// 数据准备
> db.t2.insert({item:'t-shirt', size:['S','M','L']})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.t2.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d870818641d8fc7d9ff25af"), "item" : "t-shirt", "size" : [ "S", "M", "L" ] }
>
> db.t2.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d870818641d8fc7d9ff25af"), "item" : "t-shirt", "size" : [ "S", "M", "L" ] }
> db.t2.aggregate({$unwind:"$size"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d870818641d8fc7d9ff25af"), "item" : "t-shirt", "size" : "S" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d870818641d8fc7d9ff25af"), "item" : "t-shirt", "size" : "M" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d870818641d8fc7d9ff25af"), "item" : "t-shirt", "size" : "L" }
>

示例2：

// 数据库中有一条数据：{"username":"Alex","tags": ['C#','Java','C++']}，如何获取该tag列表的长度？

> db.t2.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d870818641d8fc7d9ff25af"), "item" : "t-shirt", "size" : [ "S", "M", "L" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d87094a641d8fc7d9ff25b0"), "usename" : "Alex", "tags" : [ "c#", "python", "c++" ] }
> db.t2.aggregate(     {         $match:{"usename":"Alex"}     },     {         $unwind:"$tags"     },     {         $group:{_id:null, count:{$sum:1}}     } )
{ "_id" : null, "count" : 3 }
>

属性 值为false表示丢弃属性值为空的⽂档
属性preserveNullAndEmptyArrays值为true表示保留属性值为空的⽂档

用法：
db.COLLECTION_NAME.aggregate(
{
KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: unwind:{path:"FIELD_NAME", preserveNullAndEmptyArray:true/false} // 这样可以防止数据丢失
}
)

索引

索引：以提升查询速度

测试：插入10万条数据到数据库中
for(i=0;i<100000;i++){db.t12.insert({name:'test'+i,age:i})}

db.t1.find({name:'test10000'})
db.t1.find({name:'test10000'}).explain('executionStats')

建立索引之后对比：
语法：db.集合.ensureIndex({属性:1})，1表示升序， -1表示降序
具体操作：db.t1.ensureIndex({name:1})
db.t1.find({name:‘test10000’}).explain(‘executionStats’)

• 在默认情况下创建的索引均不是唯一索引。
• 创建唯一索引:
  db.t1.ensureIndex({"name":1},{"unique":true})
• 创建唯一索引并消除重复：
  db.t1.ensureIndex({"name":1},{"unique":true,"dropDups":true})
• 建立联合索引(什么时候需要联合索引)：
  db.t1.ensureIndex({name:1,age:1})
• 查看当前集合的所有索引：
  db.t1.getIndexes()
• 删除索引：
  db.t1.dropIndex('索引名称')

数据备份与恢复

windows系统下，先切换到mongodb数据库的bin目录下，再进行如下操作：

备份

mongodump -h <dbhost> -d <dbname> -o <dbdirectory>

-h: 服务器地址，也可以指定端口号(可以不写 -h 的内容)
-d: 需要备份的数据库
-o: 备份数据要存放的位置

示例：将test数据库备份到D:\mongodb_test目录下

D:\mongodb\bin>mongodump -d test -o D:\mongodb_test

D:\mongodb\bin>mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 -d test -o D:\mongodb_test
2019-09-21T09:37:36.881+0800    writing test.stu to
2019-09-21T09:37:36.907+0800    writing test.test_collection to
2019-09-21T09:37:36.910+0800    writing test.test2_collection to
2019-09-21T09:37:36.913+0800    writing test.mycol to
2019-09-21T09:37:36.914+0800    done dumping test.stu (7 documents)
2019-09-21T09:37:36.918+0800    done dumping test.test_collection (2 documents)
2019-09-21T09:37:36.924+0800    done dumping test.test2_collection (1 document)
2019-09-21T09:37:36.929+0800    done dumping test.mycol (0 documents)

恢复

mongorestore -h <dbhost> -d <dbname> --dir <dbdirectory>

-h: 服务器地址（可以不填）
-d: 需要备份到哪个数据库
–dir: 备份数据来源

D:\mongodb\bin>mongorestore -d test2 --dir D:\mongodb_test\test
2019-09-21T09:43:42.046+0800    the --db and --collection args should only be used when restoring from a BSON file. Other uses are deprecated and will not exist in the future; use --nsInclude instead
2019-09-21T09:43:42.084+0800    building a list of collections to restore from D:\mongodb_test\test dir
2019-09-21T09:43:42.092+0800    reading metadata for test2.stu from D:\mongodb_test\test\stu.metadata.json
...