并发编程 - 线程的生命周期

1. 五种状态-操作系统层面

五种状态的说法是从操作系统的层面来说的

① 【初始状态】 仅是在语言层面创建了线程对象，还未与操作系统线程关联

② 【可运行状态】（就绪状态）指该线程已经被创建（与操作系统线程关联），可以由 CPU 调度执行

③ 【运行状态】 指获取了 CPU 时间片运行中的状态

• 当 CPU 时间片用完，会从【运行状态】转换至【可运行状态】，会导致线程的上下文切换

④ 【阻塞状态】

• 如果调用了阻塞 API，如 BIO 读写文件，这时该线程实际不会用到 CPU，会导致线程上下文切换，进入 【阻塞状态】
• 等 BIO 操作完毕，会由操作系统唤醒阻塞的线程，转换至【可运行状态】
• 与【可运行状态】的区别是，对【阻塞状态】的线程来说只要它们一直不唤醒，调度器就一直不会考虑 调度它们

⑤ 【终止状态】 表示线程已经执行完毕，生命周期已经结束，不会再转换为其它

2. 六种状态 - java API层面

new -> runnable(对应操作系统的ready和running两种状态) -> blocked(被阻塞，要进入synchronized代码但是拿不到锁) -> waiting(等待) -> timed waiting(计时等待) -> terminated

    public enum State {
        /**
         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
         */
        NEW,

        /**
         * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
         * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
         * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
         * such as processor.
         */
        RUNNABLE,

        /**
         * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
         * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
         * to enter a synchronized block/method or
         * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
         * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
         */
        BLOCKED,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread.
         * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
         * following methods:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
         * perform a particular action.
         *
         * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
         * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
         * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
         * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
         * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
         */
        WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
         * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
         * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
         * </ul>
         */
        TIMED_WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
         * The thread has completed execution.
         */
        TERMINATED;
    }

① NEW： 线程刚被创建，但是还没有调用 start() 方法

② RUNNABLE： 当调用了 start() 方法之后，注意，Java API 层面的 RUNNABLE 状态涵盖了 操作系统 层面的 【可运行状态】、【运行状态】和【阻塞状态】（由于 BIO 导致的线程阻塞，在 Java 里无法区分，仍然认为 是可运行）

③ BLOCKED ， WAITING ， TIMED_WAITING 都是 Java API 层面对【阻塞状态】的细分

• BLOCK : 拿不到锁
• WAITING : 如调用了join，是没有时间限制的等待
• TIMED_WAITING : 比如调用了sleep方法，进入了有时间限制的等待

④ TERMINATED 当线程代码运行结束