数据库课程笔记--数据查询（2）子查询

一、子查询

出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询

外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：

• select后面：

仅仅支持标量子查询

• from后面：

支持表子查询

• where或having后面：★

  标量子查询（单行） √
  列子查询 （多行） √
  行子查询

• exists后面（相关子查询）

  表子查询

按结果集的行列数不同：

• 标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
• 列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
• 行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
• 表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

二、where或having后面

1、标量子查询（单行子查询）
2、列子查询（多行子查询）
3、行子查询（多列多行）

特点：
1子查询放在小括号内
2子查询一般放在条件的右侧
3标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用> < >= <= = <>列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用in、any/some、all
4子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

2.1.标量子查询★

eg1谁的工资比 Abel 高?

①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel’
②查询员工的信息，满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
HERE last_name = ‘Abel’);

eg2返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id 和工资

①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
③查询员工的姓名，job_id 和工资，要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);

eg3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
②查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);

eg4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
③ 在②基础上筛选，满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);

#非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);

2.2.列子查询（多行子查询）★

eg1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
②查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <>ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);

eg2：返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’
②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary，salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’
) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

#或

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’
) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

eg3：返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’
) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

#或

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

2.3.行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

eg：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);

①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);

三、select后面

(仅仅支持标量子查询)

eg：查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.,(
SELECT COUNT()
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
) 个数
FROM departments d;

eg2：查询员工号=102的部门名

SELECT (
SELECT department_name,e.department_id
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;

四、from后面

(将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名)

eg：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

SELECT * FROM job_grades;
②连接①的结果集和job_grades表，筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

五、exists后面（相关子查询）

语法：
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果：
1或0

SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);

eg1：查询有员工的部门名

#in

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.department_id IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
)

#exists

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id
);

eg2：查询没有女朋友的男神信息

#in

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)

#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.id=b.boyfriend_id
);

六、子查询经典案例

6.1. 查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary

#①查询最低的工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询last_name,salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);

6.2. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息**

#方式一：
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②查询①结果上的最低平均工资
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep

#③查询哪个部门的平均工资=②

SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)=(
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
);

#④查询部门信息

SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
WHERE d.department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)=(
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
)
);

#方式二：
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#②求出最低平均工资的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1;

#③查询部门信息
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1
);

6.3. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②求出最低平均工资的部门编号
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1;
#③查询部门信息
SELECT d.*,ag
FROM departments d
JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1
) ag_dep
ON d.department_id=ag_dep.department_id;

** 6.4. 查询平均工资最高的 job 信息**
#①查询最高的job的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1

#②查询job信息
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
);
** 6.5. 查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?**

#①查询平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#③筛选②结果集，满足平均工资>①

SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);

** 6.6. 查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息.**
#①查询所有manager的员工编号
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees

#②查询详细信息，满足employee_id=①
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
);

** 6.7. 各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少**

#①查询各部门的最高工资中最低的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 1

#②查询①结果的那个部门的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary) ,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 1
);
** 6.8. 查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary**
#①查询平均工资最高的部门编号
SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1

#②将employees和departments连接查询，筛选条件是①
SELECT
last_name, d.department_id, email, salary
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON d.manager_id = e.employee_id
WHERE d.department_id =
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1) ;

七、参考文档链接

https://blog.csdn.net/peng_666666/article/details/56284558
《MySQL 基础》，尚硅谷